Jet propulsionJet propulsion is the propulsion of an object in one direction, produced by ejecting a jet of fluid in the opposite direction. By Newton's third law, the moving body is propelled in the opposite direction to the jet. Reaction engines operating on the principle of jet propulsion include the jet engine used for aircraft propulsion, the pump-jet used for marine propulsion, and the rocket engine and plasma thruster used for spacecraft propulsion.
Internal contradictions of capital accumulationThe internal contradictions of capital accumulation is an essential concept of crisis theory, which is associated with Marxist economic theory. While the same phenomenon is described in neoclassical economic theory, in that literature it is referred to as systemic risk. Economic geographer David Harvey argues that the multi-stage process of capital accumulation reveals a number of internal contradictions: Step 1 – The power of labor is broken down and wages fall.
Ion sourceAn ion source is a device that creates atomic and molecular ions. Ion sources are used to form ions for mass spectrometers, optical emission spectrometers, particle accelerators, ion implanters and ion engines. Electron ionization Electron ionization is widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules. The gas phase reaction producing electron ionization is M{} + e^- -> M^{+\bullet}{} + 2e^- where M is the atom or molecule being ionized, e^- is the electron, and M^{+\bullet} is the resulting ion.
Field-reversed configurationA field-reversed configuration (FRC) is a type of plasma device studied as a means of producing nuclear fusion. It confines a plasma on closed magnetic field lines without a central penetration. In an FRC, the plasma has the form of a self-stable torus, similar to a smoke ring. FRCs are closely related to another self-stable magnetic confinement fusion device, the spheromak. Both are considered part of the compact toroid class of fusion devices.
Jet fuelJet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF, also abbreviated avtur) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance.
Lutte biologiquevignette|Larve de coccinelle se nourrissant de cochenilles.La lutte biologique est une méthode de lutte contre les nuisibles tels que les ravageurs des cultures (insectes, acariens, nématodes, etc.), les maladies (fongiques, bactériennes, virales, etc.), ou les mauvaises herbes (plantes adventices) au moyen d'organismes vivants antagonistes, appelés agents de lutte biologique (qui appartiennent au groupe des auxiliaires des cultures).
Fusorvignette|Un fusor d'amateur Un fusor est un dispositif qui utilise un champ électrique pour chauffer des ions à des conditions appropriées pour la fusion nucléaire. La machine génère une différence de potentiel électrique entre deux cages en métal à l'intérieur d'une enceinte vide. Les ions positifs descendent cette différence de tension en accélérant. S'ils entrent en collision dans le centre, ils peuvent éventuellement fusionner. Ce dispositif est du type à confinement inertiel électrostatique (CIE).
Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion ReactorThe Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR) is a fusion power project at Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works. Its high-beta configuration, which implies that the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure is greater than or equal to 1 (compared to tokamak designs' 0.05), allows a compact design and expedited development. The project was active between 2010 and 2019, after that date there have been no updates and it appears the division has shut down.
Tokamak sphériquethumb|Intérieur d'un tokamak sphérique. Un tokamak sphérique est un dispositif de confinement magnétique de plasma de type tokamak permettant d'obtenir des réactions de fusions de nucléons. Un tokamak sphérique a un solénoïde central beaucoup plus fin qu'un tokamak classique. Une telle installation serait susceptible d'être utilisée pour produire de l'électricité.
Lutte contre les ravageursthumb|upright|Épandage aérien d'insecticide contre la chrysomèle des racines du maïs. La lutte contre les ravageurs comprend l'ensemble des moyens et méthodes employés pour lutter contre les organismes considérés comme nuisibles à l'économie, et plus particulièrement à la production agricole, à la santé des personnes et des animaux domestiques, ou à l'environnement. La lutte contre les ravageurs, ou nuisibles, est au moins aussi ancienne que l'agriculture. En effet, il a toujours été nécessaire de maintenir les cultures exemptes de parasites.
