Théorie MLa théorie M est une théorie physique devant unifier les différentes versions de la théorie des supercordes. L'existence de cette théorie fut conjecturée par Edward Witten en 1995, lors d'un colloque sur la théorie des cordes à l'Université de Californie du Sud. Cette annonce engendra un tourbillon de nouvelles recherches, qu'on a appelé la . Selon Witten le M de théorie M peut signifier magie, mystère ou membrane au choix, et le véritable sens ne s'imposera que quand la théorie sera formulée définitivement.
PeeningIn metallurgy, peening is the process of working a metal's surface to improve its material properties, usually by mechanical means, such as hammer blows, by blasting with shot (shot peening), focusing light (laser peening), or in recent years, with water column impacts (water jet peening) and cavitation jets (cavitation peening). With the notable exception of laser peening, peening is normally a cold work process tending to expand the surface of the cold metal, thus inducing compressive stresses or relieving tensile stresses already present.
Éducation fondée sur des preuvesLéducation fondée sur les preuves (EFP), ou éducation basée sur les faits (EBE, de l'anglais evidence-based education) est une pratique fondée sur les preuves appliquée en éducation. Elle se concentre ainsi sur les pratiques validées par des preuves plutôt que par la tradition, le jugement personnel ou d'autres influences. Elle est la base de lenseignement fondé sur les preuves, lapprentissage fondé sur les preuves et la school effectiveness research.
Empirical formulaIn chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of sulfur monoxide, or SO, would simply be SO, as is the empirical formula of disulfur dioxide, S2O2. Thus, sulfur monoxide and disulfur dioxide, both compounds of sulfur and oxygen, have the same empirical formula. However, their molecular formulas, which express the number of atoms in each molecule of a chemical compound, are not the same.
Formula unitIn chemistry, a formula unit is the empirical formula of any ionic or covalent network solid compound used as an independent entity for stoichiometric calculations. It is the lowest whole number ratio of ions represented in an ionic compound. Examples include ionic and and covalent networks such as and C (as diamond or graphite). Ionic compounds do not exist as individual molecules; a formula unit thus indicates the lowest reduced ratio of ions in the compound.
