NanomatériauUn nanomatériau est un matériau (sous forme de poudre, aérosol ou quasi-gaz, suspension liquide, gel) possédant des propriétés particulières à cause de sa taille et structure nanométrique. Les nanomatériaux sont habituellement issus de la nanotechnologie, à la différence des nanoparticules qui peuvent être d'origine naturelle ou résulter de processus tels que le soudage, le fumage, le polissage. Le , la Commission européenne publie ses recommandations relatives à la définition des nanomatériaux (recommandation 2011/696/UE) : .
Chemical synapseChemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body. At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron.
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)In neuroscience, glutamate is the dianion (divalent anion) of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter (a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells). It is by a wide margin the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It is used by every major excitatory function in the vertebrate brain, accounting in total for well over 90% of the synaptic connections in the human brain. It also serves as the primary neurotransmitter for some localized brain regions, such as cerebellum granule cells.
GraphèneLe graphène est un matériau bidimensionnel cristallin, forme allotropique du carbone dont l'empilement constitue le graphite. Cette définition théorique est donnée par le physicien en 1947. Par la suite, le travail de différents groupes de recherche permettra de se rendre compte que la structure du graphène tout comme ses propriétés ne sont pas uniques et dépendent de sa synthèse/extraction (détaillée dans la section Production).
Heterogeneous gold catalysisHeterogeneous gold catalysis refers to the use of elemental gold as a heterogeneous catalyst. As in most heterogeneous catalysis, the metal is typically supported on metal oxide. Furthermore, as seen in other heterogeneous catalysts, activity increases with a decreasing diameter of supported gold clusters. Several industrially relevant processes are also observed such as H2 activation, Water-gas shift reaction, and hydrogenation. No gold-catalyzed reaction has been commercialized.
Retrograde signalingRetrograde signaling in biology is the process where a signal travels backwards from a target source to its original source. For example, the nucleus of a cell is the original source for creating signaling proteins. During retrograde signaling, instead of signals leaving the nucleus, they are sent to the nucleus. In cell biology, this type of signaling typically occurs between the mitochondria or chloroplast and the nucleus. Signaling molecules from the mitochondria or chloroplast act on the nucleus to affect nuclear gene expression.
Acide aminé essentielvignette|Formule de la L-Lysine, un acide aminé dont la présence est cruciale en alimentation humaine. Un acide aminé essentiel, ou acide aminé indispensable (en anglais : IAA), est un acide aminé qui ne peut être synthétisé de novo par l'organisme ou qui est synthétisé à une vitesse insuffisante, et doit donc être apporté par l'alimentation, condition nécessaire au bon fonctionnement de l'organisme. Chez l'humain, neuf acides aminés sont considérés comme essentiels : le tryptophane, la lysine, la méthionine, la phénylalanine, la thréonine, la valine, la leucine, l'isoleucine et l'histidine.
Graphene nanoribbonGraphene nanoribbons (GNRs, also called nano-graphene ribbons or nano-graphite ribbons) are strips of graphene with width less than 100 nm. Graphene ribbons were introduced as a theoretical model by Mitsutaka Fujita and coauthors to examine the edge and nanoscale size effect in graphene. Large quantities of width-controlled GNRs can be produced via graphite nanotomy, where applying a sharp diamond knife on graphite produces graphite nanoblocks, which can then be exfoliated to produce GNRs as shown by Vikas Berry.
Acide aminévignette|Structure générique d'un acide , classe d'acides aminés majeure en biochimie entrant notamment dans la constitution des protéines. La chaîne latérale est ici représentée par le symbole R en magenta, tandis que le est orangé. vignette| Structure et classification des aminés protéinogènes des eucaryotes. La pyrrolysine n'y figure pas car on ne la trouve que chez certaines archées méthanogènes. vignette|Structure de la gabapentine.
Self-assembly of nanoparticlesNanoparticles are classified as having at least one of three dimensions be in the range of 1-100 nm. The small size of nanoparticles allows them to have unique characteristics which may not be possible on the macro-scale. Self-assembly is the spontaneous organization of smaller subunits to form larger, well-organized patterns. For nanoparticles, this spontaneous assembly is a consequence of interactions between the particles aimed at achieving a thermodynamic equilibrium and reducing the system’s free energy.
