Brain simulationBrain simulation is the concept of creating a functioning computer model of a brain or part of a brain. Brain simulation projects intend to contribute to a complete understanding of the brain, and eventually also assist the process of treating and diagnosing brain diseases. Various simulations from around the world have been fully or partially released as open source software, such as C. elegans, and the Blue Brain Project Showcase.
Neural DarwinismNeural Darwinism is a biological, and more specifically Darwinian and selectionist, approach to understanding global brain function, originally proposed by American biologist, researcher and Nobel-Prize recipient Gerald Maurice Edelman (July 1, 1929 – May 17, 2014). Edelman's 1987 book Neural Darwinism introduced the public to the theory of neuronal group selection (TNGS) – which is the core theory underlying Edelman's explanation of global brain function.
Trouble du spectre de l'autismeUn trouble du spectre de l'autisme (anciennement trouble du spectre autistique) ou TSA (en autism spectrum disorder ou ASD) est un diagnostic de l'autisme depuis 2013, dans la du Manuel diagnostique et statistique de l'Association américaine de psychiatrie (DSM-5). Les éditions antérieures du DSM, et la de la Classification internationale des maladies de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (CIM-10), utilisent la dénomination troubles envahissants du développement (ou TED).
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortexThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain. It is one of the most recently derived parts of the human brain. It undergoes a prolonged period of maturation which lasts into adulthood. The DLPFC is not an anatomical structure, but rather a functional one. It lies in the middle frontal gyrus of humans (i.e., lateral part of Brodmann's area (BA) 9 and 46). In macaque monkeys, it is around the principal sulcus (i.e., in Brodmann's area 46).
Brain connectivity estimatorsBrain connectivity estimators represent patterns of links in the brain. Connectivity can be considered at different levels of the brain's organisation: from neurons, to neural assemblies and brain structures. Brain connectivity involves different concepts such as: neuroanatomical or structural connectivity (pattern of anatomical links), functional connectivity (usually understood as statistical dependencies) and effective connectivity (referring to causal interactions).
Large-scale brain networkLarge-scale brain networks (also known as intrinsic brain networks) are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other recording methods such as EEG, PET and MEG. An emerging paradigm in neuroscience is that cognitive tasks are performed not by individual brain regions working in isolation but by networks consisting of several discrete brain regions that are said to be "functionally connected".
Génétique comportementaleLa génétique comportementale est la branche de la génétique portant sur l'étude des interactions entre phénotypes comportementaux et génotype. Science récente et en plein essor, elle vise à étudier les relations entre la génétique et les caractéristiques mentales d'un individu. La génétique comportementale est fortement interdisciplinaire et fait notamment appel à la neuroscience, la génétique, l'épigénétique, l'éthologie, la psychologie, la psychiatrie et les statistiques.
Barrière hémato-encéphaliquethumb|Les astrocytes de type 1 entourant les capillaires sanguins au niveau du cerveau. La barrière hémato-encéphalique, ou hémo-encéphalique, ou hémato-méningée est une barrière physiologique présente dans le cerveau chez tous les tétrapodes (vertébrés terrestres), entre la circulation sanguine et le système nerveux central (SNC). Elle sert à réguler le milieu (homéostasie) dans le cerveau, en le séparant du sang. Les cellules endothéliales, qui sont reliées par des jonctions serrées et qui tapissent les capillaires du côté du flux sanguin, sont les composants essentiels de cette barrière.
Lésion cérébraleUne lésion cérébrale est une lésion qui touche le cerveau. En général, il s'agit d'une destruction plus ou moins étendue du tissu nerveux entraînant un déficit dans la perception, la cognition, la sensibilité ou la motricité en fonction du rôle que jouait la région atteinte dans l'architecture neurocognitive. Cette lésion peut être de nature diverse : ischémique, hémorragique, compressive par un processus extensif de type tumoral ou un hématome.
Spectrum disorderA spectrum disorder is a mental disorder that includes a range of linked conditions, sometimes also extending to include singular symptoms and traits. The different elements of a spectrum either have a similar appearance or are thought to be caused by the same underlying mechanism. In either case, a spectrum approach is taken because there appears to be "not a unitary disorder but rather a syndrome composed of subgroups". The spectrum may represent a range of severity, comprising relatively "severe" mental disorders through to relatively "mild and nonclinical deficits".
