Diabète de type 2Le « diabète de type 2 » (DT2) ou « diabète non insulinodépendant » (DNID) (aussi appelé « diabète insulinorésistant », « diabète de l'âge mûr », « diabète gras », parfois « diabète acquis »), est une maladie métabolique touchant la glycorégulation. Il fait partie des maladies associées à la forte augmentation contemporaine de l'obésité, au point qu'on parle aujourd'hui d'épidémie de diabète de type 2. Il est principalement lié à l'évolution des modes de vie, et notamment au changement des habitudes alimentaires et la sédentarité, mais il est parfois accentué par une composante génétique.
Blood glucose monitoringBlood glucose monitoring is the use of a glucose meter for testing the concentration of glucose in the blood (glycemia). Particularly important in diabetes management, a blood glucose test is typically performed by piercing the skin (typically, via fingerstick) to draw blood, then applying the blood to a chemically active disposable 'test-strip'. The other main option is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Different manufacturers use different technology, but most systems measure an electrical characteristic and use this to determine the glucose level in the blood.
Cellule deltaDelta cells (δ-cells or D cells) are somatostatin-producing cells. They can be found in the stomach, intestine and the pancreatic islets. Delta cells comprise ca 5% of the cells in the islets but may interact with many more islet cells than suggested by their low numbers. In rodents, delta-cells are located in the periphery of the islets; in humans the islet architecture is generally less organized and delta-cells are frequently observed inside the islets as well.
GlucomètreUn glucomètre ou lecteur de glycémie est un appareil permettant de mesurer rapidement le taux de glucose dans le sang (la glycémie), le plus souvent sur du sang capillaire. Ce type d'appareil est utilisé à l'hôpital par les soignants ou à domicile par les patients, notamment en cas de diabète sucré. Il existe plusieurs termes pour désigner cet appareil comme dextro (de la marque dextrostix) ou HGT (de la marque haemoglukotest).
Glucose testMany types of glucose tests exist and they can be used to estimate blood sugar levels at a given time or, over a longer period of time, to obtain average levels or to see how fast body is able to normalize changed glucose levels. Eating food for example leads to elevated blood sugar levels. In healthy people these levels quickly return to normal via increased cellular glucose uptake which is primarily mediated by increase in blood insulin levels. Glucose tests can reveal temporary/long-term hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Transduction de signalLa transduction de signal désigne le mécanisme par lequel une cellule répond à l'information qu'elle reçoit, par des agents chimiques ou autres signaux (tension,...). Elle commande une cascade de signaux secondaires, internes à la cellule (« signalling ») ou externes (ex: action sur d'autres types cellulaires via des interleukines), et des processus cellulaires internes (métabolisme, cycle cellulaire, motilité,...). La transduction est la deuxième étape de ce que l'on appelle la cascade de signalisation : Un signal extra-cellulaire (ligand, neuromédiateur.
Diabetes managementThe term diabetes includes several different metabolic disorders that all, if left untreated, result in abnormally high concentrations of a sugar called glucose in the blood. Diabetes mellitus type 1 results when the pancreas no longer produces significant amounts of the hormone insulin, usually owing to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus type 2, in contrast, is now thought to result from autoimmune attacks on the pancreas and/or insulin resistance.
Continuous glucose monitorA continuous glucose monitor (CGM) is a device used for monitoring blood glucose on a continual basis by insulin-requiring people with diabetes, e.g. people with type I, type II diabetes or other types of diabetes (e.g. gestational diabetes). A continuous glucose monitor consists of three parts: a small electrode placed under the skin, a transmitter sending readings at regular intervals (ranging from every 1 to 15 min), and a separate receiver.
Insulin-like growth factorThe insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis") consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (IGF-1 and IGF-2), a family of seven high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP1 to IGFBP7), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases.
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adultsSlowly evolving immune-mediated diabetes, or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), is a form of diabetes that exhibits clinical features similar to both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and is sometimes referred to as type 1.5 diabetes. It is an autoimmune form of diabetes, similar to T1D, but patients with LADA often show insulin resistance, similar to T2D, and share some risk factors for the disease with T2D.
