Résistance des matériauxvignette|Essai de compression sur une éprouvette de béton, une pression croissante est appliquée verticalement sur l'échantillon pendant que deux appareils mesurent les déformations longitudinales et transversales de l'éprouvette. vignette|À l'issue du test, l'éprouvette s'est rompue. Notez la cassure longitudinale. La résistance des matériaux (RDM) est une discipline particulière de la mécanique des milieux continus, permettant le calcul des contraintes et déformations dans les structures des différents matériaux (machines, génie mécanique, bâtiment et génie civil).
Nanoimprint lithographyNanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a method of fabricating nanometer scale patterns. It is a simple nanolithography process with low cost, high throughput and high resolution. It creates patterns by mechanical deformation of imprint resist and subsequent processes. The imprint resist is typically a monomer or polymer formulation that is cured by heat or UV light during the imprinting. Adhesion between the resist and the template is controlled to allow proper release.
Matériau bidimensionnelUn matériau bidimensionnel, parfois appelé matériau monocouche ou matériau 2D, est un matériau constitué d'une seule couche d'atomes ou de molécules. Depuis l'isolement du graphène (une seule couche de graphite) en 2004, beaucoup de recherches ont été réalisées pour isoler d'autres matériaux bidimensionnels en raison de leurs caractéristiques inhabituelles et pour une potentielle utilisation dans des applications telles que le photovoltaïque, les semi-conducteurs et la purification de l'eau.
NanolithographyNanolithography (NL) is a growing field of techniques within nanotechnology dealing with the engineering (patterning e.g. etching, depositing, writing, printing etc) of nanometer-scale structures on various materials. The modern term reflects on a design of structures built in range of 10−9 to 10−6 meters, i.e. nanometer scale. Essentially, the field is a derivative of lithography, only covering very small structures. All NL methods can be categorized into four groups: photo lithography, scanning lithography, soft lithography and other miscellaneous techniques.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Yield (engineering)In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible and is known as plastic deformation.
Scanning probe lithographyScanning probe lithography (SPL) describes a set of nanolithographic methods to pattern material on the nanoscale using scanning probes. It is a direct-write, mask-less approach which bypasses the diffraction limit and can reach resolutions below 10 nm. It is considered an alternative lithographic technology often used in academic and research environments. The term scanning probe lithography was coined after the first patterning experiments with scanning probe microscopes (SPM) in the late 1980s.
Spectroscopie RamanLa spectroscopie Raman (ou spectrométrie Raman) et la microspectroscopie Raman sont des méthodes non destructives d'observation et de caractérisation de la composition moléculaire et de la structure externe d'un matériau, qui exploite le phénomène physique selon lequel un milieu modifie légèrement la fréquence de la lumière y circulant. Ce décalage en fréquence dit l'effet Raman correspond à un échange d'énergie entre le rayon lumineux et le milieu, et donne des informations sur le substrat lui-même.
Ultimate tensile strengthUltimate tensile strength (also called UTS, tensile strength, TS, ultimate strength or in notation) is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher. The ultimate tensile strength is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the engineering stress versus strain.
Infinitesimal strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory is a mathematical approach to the description of the deformation of a solid body in which the displacements of the material particles are assumed to be much smaller (indeed, infinitesimally smaller) than any relevant dimension of the body; so that its geometry and the constitutive properties of the material (such as density and stiffness) at each point of space can be assumed to be unchanged by the deformation.
