Seismic analysisSeismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a building (or nonbuilding) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design, earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit (see structural engineering) in regions where earthquakes are prevalent. As seen in the figure, a building has the potential to 'wave' back and forth during an earthquake (or even a severe wind storm). This is called the 'fundamental mode', and is the lowest frequency of building response.
Onde sismiquethumb|Différentes ondes sismiques.|alt= Les ondes sismiques, ou ondes élastiques, sont des mouvements vibratoires qui se propagent à travers un milieu matériel et peuvent le modifier irréversiblement si leur amplitude est suffisante. Elles sont engendrées par un événement initial, généralement un séisme. L'impulsion de départ déplace les atomes du milieu, qui en poussent d'autres avant de reprendre leur place, ces déplacements oscillatoires se propageant ensuite de proche en proche.
S waveNOTOC In seismology and other areas involving elastic waves, S waves, secondary waves, or shear waves (sometimes called elastic S waves) are a type of elastic wave and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object, unlike surface waves. S waves are transverse waves, meaning that the direction of particle movement of a S wave is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, and the main restoring force comes from shear stress.
Onde longitudinaleLongitudinal waves are waves in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels and displacement of the medium is in the same (or opposite) direction of the wave propagation. Mechanical longitudinal waves are also called compressional or compression waves, because they produce compression and rarefaction when traveling through a medium, and pressure waves, because they produce increases and decreases in pressure.
Surface waveIn physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media. A common example is gravity waves along the surface of liquids, such as ocean waves. Gravity waves can also occur within liquids, at the interface between two fluids with different densities. Elastic surface waves can travel along the surface of solids, such as Rayleigh or Love waves. Electromagnetic waves can also propagate as "surface waves" in that they can be guided along with a refractive index gradient or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants.
Mechanical waveIn physics, a mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material—is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position. Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia. There are three types of mechanical waves: transverse waves, longitudinal waves, and surface waves.
Onde de Lovethumb|Aspect du déplacement L'onde de Love est un type d'onde se propageant à la surface d'un milieu solide semi-infini, et notamment d'onde sismique. Elle a été découverte par Augustus Edward Hough Love en 1911. Son déplacement est comparable à celui des ondes S sans le mouvement vertical. Les ondes de Love provoquent un ébranlement horizontal qui est la cause de nombreux dégâts aux fondations d'un édifice qui n'est pas une construction parasismique. Les ondes de Love se propagent à environ . Catégorie:Sis
P waveA P wave (primary wave or pressure wave) is one of the two main types of elastic body waves, called seismic waves in seismology. P waves travel faster than other seismic waves and hence are the first signal from an earthquake to arrive at any affected location or at a seismograph. P waves may be transmitted through gases, liquids, or solids. The name P wave can stand for either pressure wave (as it is formed from alternating compressions and rarefactions) or primary wave (as it has high velocity and is therefore the first wave to be recorded by a seismograph).
Aléa sismiquevignette|Ceinture de feu du Pacifique L'aléa sismique est la probabilité qu'un séisme destructeur de caractéristiques données (exprimées en général par des paramètres tels que l’accélération, la période de récurrence, l’intensité, le spectre de réponse...) se produise dans une région donnée pendant une période donnée. Il ne doit pas être confondu avec le risque sismique qui est la probabilité qu'un séisme engendre des destructions et fasse des victimes. Ce risque est une combinaison de .
BarrageUn barrage est un ouvrage d'art hydraulique construit en travers d'un cours d'eau et destiné à en réguler le débit et/ou à stocker de l'eau, notamment pour le contrôle des crues, l'irrigation, l'industrie, l'hydroélectricité, la pisciculture et la retenue d'eau potable. vignette|Barrage Hoover, États-Unis. vignette|Barrage de Limmern (canton de Glaris, Suisse). vignette|Évacuateur de crues du barrage de Matsumoto (préfecture de Nagano, Japon). vignette|L'écologie des berges des plans d'eau artificiels peut être perturbée par des variations brutales de niveau.
