Niche écologiqueLa niche écologique est un des concepts théoriques de l'écologie. Il traduit à la fois : La « position » occupée par un organisme, une population ou plus généralement une espèce dans un écosystème ; La somme des conditions nécessaires à une population viable de cet organisme. La description d'une telle niche se fait sur la base de deux types de paramètres : Des paramètres physico-chimiques caractérisant les milieux où évolue l'organisme (et parfois significativement modifiés par cet organisme) ; Des paramètres biologiques, incluant les relations avec les espèces avoisinantes et la modification de l'habitat par l'organisme et la communauté d'espèces dans laquelle il s'inscrit (interactions durables).
Freshwater ecosystemFreshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, bogs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes), lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers) and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time).
Greenhouse gas emissionsGreenhouse gas emissions (abbreviated as GHG emissions) from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Carbon dioxide (), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the US, although the United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies.
Climate change and fisheriesFisheries are affected by climate change in many ways: marine aquatic ecosystems are being affected by rising ocean temperatures, ocean acidification and ocean deoxygenation, while freshwater ecosystems are being impacted by changes in water temperature, water flow, and fish habitat loss. These effects vary in the context of each fishery. Climate change is modifying fish distributions and the productivity of marine and freshwater species. Climate change is expected to lead to significant changes in the availability and trade of fish products.
Marine microorganismsMarine microorganisms are defined by their habitat as microorganisms living in a marine environment, that is, in the saltwater of a sea or ocean or the brackish water of a coastal estuary. A microorganism (or microbe) is any microscopic living organism or virus, that is too small to see with the unaided human eye without magnification. Microorganisms are very diverse. They can be single-celled or multicellular and include bacteria, archaea, viruses and most protozoa, as well as some fungi, algae, and animals, such as rotifers and copepods.
Enjeux du réchauffement climatiqueCet article examine les enjeux du réchauffement climatique. En 1824, le physicien français Joseph Fourier découvre le phénomène de l'effet de serre et son effet sur le bilan thermique de la Terre. En 1896, Svante Arrhenius publie un article décrivant le phénomène, et proposant une prédiction de l'élévation de la température atmosphérique en cas de doublement de la concentration en . Dans les années 1980, cette question refait surface à l'échelle mondiale, avec la création du GIEC en 1988.
Marine ecosystemMarine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems.
Greenhouse gas inventoryGreenhouse gas inventories are emission inventories of greenhouse gas emissions that are developed for a variety of reasons. Scientists use inventories of natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions as tools when developing atmospheric models. Policy makers use inventories to develop strategies and policies for emissions reductions and to track the progress of those policies. Regulatory agencies and corporations also rely on inventories to establish compliance records with allowable emission rates.
Attribution du changement climatique récentL'attribution du changement climatique récent est le travail entrepris pour déterminer scientifiquement les mécanismes responsables du réchauffement climatique récent et des changements climatiques induits sur la Terre. L’effort s’est concentré sur les changements observés au cours de la période de relevés de température instrumentale, en particulier au cours des cinquante dernières années. C’est la période durant laquelle l’activité humaine a connu la croissance la plus rapide et pour laquelle on dispose de relevés atmosphériques au-dessus de la surface.
Ecosystem healthEcosystem health is a metaphor used to describe the condition of an ecosystem. Ecosystem condition can vary as a result of fire, flooding, drought, extinctions, invasive species, climate change, mining, fishing, farming or logging, chemical spills, and a host of other reasons. There is no universally accepted benchmark for a healthy ecosystem, rather the apparent health status of an ecosystem can vary depending upon which health metrics are employed in judging it and which societal aspirations are driving the assessment.
