Classification phylogénétiqueLa classification phylogénétique ou classification cladistique est une forme de classification des êtres vivants qui repose sur leur phylogénie. Elle prend son origine dans les travaux d'une école de taxonomie dite systématique phylogénétique ou systématique cladistique ou cladisme. Cette approche a pour objectif de rendre compte des relations de parenté entre les taxons, s’agissant seulement de l'apparentement, c'est-à-dire des relations de groupes frères et non des relations généalogiques d'ancêtres à descendants, entre des groupes d'organismes quel que soit leur rang taxonomique.
Computational phylogeneticsComputational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic analyses. The goal is to assemble a phylogenetic tree representing a hypothesis about the evolutionary ancestry of a set of genes, species, or other taxa. For example, these techniques have been used to explore the family tree of hominid species and the relationships between specific genes shared by many types of organisms.
Emergent virusAn emergent virus (or emerging virus) is a virus that is either newly appeared, notably increasing in incidence/geographic range or has the potential to increase in the near future. Emergent viruses are a leading cause of emerging infectious diseases and raise public health challenges globally, given their potential to cause outbreaks of disease which can lead to epidemics and pandemics. As well as causing disease, emergent viruses can also have severe economic implications.
Phylogenetic comparative methodsPhylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in The Origin of Species. However, the fact that closely related lineages share many traits and trait combinations as a result of the process of descent with modification means that lineages are not independent.
Human noseThe human nose is the most protruding part of the face. It bears the nostrils and is the first organ of the respiratory system. It is also the principal organ in the olfactory system. The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones and the nasal cartilages, including the nasal septum which separates the nostrils and divides the nasal cavity into two. On average, the nose of a male is larger than that of a female. The nose has an important function in breathing.
Phylogénétique moléculairevignette|Séquençage moléculaire La phylogénétique moléculaire est l'utilisation de séquences de macromolécules biologiques pour obtenir des informations sur l'histoire évolutive des organismes vivants, et notamment sur leurs liens de parenté (leur phylogénie). C'est un important outil d'étude parmi ceux de l'évolution moléculaire. Le produit d'une analyse de phylogénétique moléculaire est soit un arbre phylogénétique, soit un graphe du réseau phylogénétique.
Mucusvignette|Chez quelques espèces d'insectes, dont Lilioceris lilii, les larves s'enveloppent d'un mélange de mucus, d'excréments et d'exuvies imprégnés de molécules antibiotiques ou répulsives pour la plupart de leurs prédateurs. L'odeur de ce manteau d'excretas et d'exuvies attire néanmoins des prédateurs spécialisés qui ont probablement coévolué avec ces insectes.
Santé publiqueright|thumb|From FLIES and FILTHto FOOD and FEVER En français : Des MOUCHES et de la SALETÉà la NOURRITURE et à la FIÈVRE Affiche publiée par le State Board of Health (Commission d'État sur la Santé) de la Floride en 1916. La santé publique peut être définie comme , ou encore comme des . Cette définition s'entend sur la population humaine. Une nouvelle conception "one health", "une seule santé", qui s'applique à l'ensemble des populations animales, végétales et leurs interconnexions complexes avec l'environnement, émerge depuis les années 2000 et permet une approche plus globale de la santé notamment publique.
Microbial phylogeneticsMicrobial phylogenetics is the study of the manner in which various groups of microorganisms are genetically related. This helps to trace their evolution. To study these relationships biologists rely on comparative genomics, as physiology and comparative anatomy are not possible methods. Microbial phylogenetics emerged as a field of study in the 1960s, scientists started to create genealogical trees based on differences in the order of amino acids of proteins and nucleotides of genes instead of using comparative anatomy and physiology.
Publicly funded health carePublicly funded healthcare is a form of health care financing designed to meet the cost of all or most healthcare needs from a publicly managed fund. Usually this is under some form of democratic accountability, the right of access to which are set down in rules applying to the whole population contributing to the fund or receiving benefits from it. The fund may be a not-for-profit trust that pays out for healthcare according to common rules established by the members or by some other democratic form.
