Tumour heterogeneityTumour heterogeneity describes the observation that different tumour cells can show distinct morphological and phenotypic profiles, including cellular morphology, gene expression, metabolism, motility, proliferation, and metastatic potential. This phenomenon occurs both between tumours (inter-tumour heterogeneity) and within tumours (intra-tumour heterogeneity). A minimal level of intra-tumour heterogeneity is a simple consequence of the imperfection of DNA replication: whenever a cell (normal or cancerous) divides, a few mutations are acquired—leading to a diverse population of cancer cells.
Recherche en oncologieLa recherche en cancérologie, ou recherche en oncologie, est l'effort scientifique intense fait depuis quelques décennies pour identifier ou comprendre les causes et co-facteurs de développement du cancer (cancérogenèse). Elle comprend des actions de recherche fondamentale et des actions de recherche appliquée. En France, les acteurs de la recherche clinique académique en cancérologie sont notamment organisés en de multiples sociétés savantes et intergroupes coopérateurs.
Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
Gène suppresseur de tumeursUn gène suppresseur de tumeurs ou encore anti-oncogène est un régulateur négatif de la prolifération cellulaire. Notre organisme est composé d'environ cinq mille milliards de cellules réparties dans plus de 200 types cellulaires différents qui composent les tissus (cellules sanguines, nerveuses, germinales...). La prolifération cellulaire au sein de ces tissus est rigoureusement contrôlée au cours de notre vie : certaines cellules (telles que les neurones) ne nécessitent pas un renouvellement constant, d'autres sont perpétuellement en cours de multiplication (cellules sanguines ou de la peau).
Somatic evolution in cancerSomatic evolution is the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in somatic cells (the cells of a body, as opposed to germ plasm and stem cells) during a lifetime, and the effects of those mutations and epimutations on the fitness of those cells. This evolutionary process has first been shown by the studies of Bert Vogelstein in colon cancer. Somatic evolution is important in the process of aging as well as the development of some diseases, including cancer. Cells in pre-malignant and malignant neoplasms (tumors) evolve by natural selection.
Renal cell carcinomaRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90–95% of cases. RCC occurrence shows a male predominance over women with a ratio of 1.5:1. RCC most commonly occurs between 6th and 7th decade of life. Initial treatment is most commonly either partial or complete removal of the affected kidney(s).
Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
Treatment of cancerCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality, most commonly as a series of separate treatments (e.g. chemotherapy before surgery). The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). Cancer genome sequencing helps in determining which cancer the patient exactly has for determining the best therapy for the cancer.
Séquençage de l'ADNcadre|Résultat du séquençage par la méthode de Sanger. L'ordre de chaque bande indique la position d'un nucléotide A,T,C ou G Le séquençage de l'ADN consiste à déterminer l'ordre d'enchaînement des nucléotides pour un fragment d’ADN donné. La séquence d’ADN contient l’information nécessaire aux êtres vivants pour survivre et se reproduire. Déterminer cette séquence est donc utile aussi bien pour les recherches visant à savoir comment vivent les organismes que pour des sujets appliqués.
SéquençageEn biochimie, le séquençage consiste à déterminer l'ordre linéaire des composants d'une macromolécule (les acides aminés d'une protéine, les nucléotides d'un acide nucléique comme l'ADN, les monosaccharides d'un polysaccharide, etc.). En génétique, le séquençage concerne la détermination de la séquence des gènes voire des chromosomes, voire du génome complet, ce qui techniquement revient à effectuer le séquençage de l'ADN constituant ces gènes ou ces chromosomes.
