Température du thermomètre mouilléLa température du thermomètre mouillé (Tw, où w abrège le mot anglais wet signifiant humide) ou température humide est la température qu'une parcelle d'air, ayant une température Θ et un contenu en vapeur d'eau de Y, atteindrait si on y évaporait de l'eau liquide jusqu'à saturation, la chaleur latente nécessaire à la vaporisation étant fournie par la parcelle et la pression étant gardée constante. En utilisant directement un thermomètre dont la pointe est recouverte d'une mousseline mouillée et qu'on ventile pour faire évaporer l'eau.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Silicone rubberSilicone rubber is an elastomer (rubber-like material) composed of silicone—itself a polymer—containing silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Silicone rubbers are widely used in industry, and there are multiple formulations. Silicone rubbers are often one- or two-part polymers, and may contain fillers to improve properties or reduce cost. Silicone rubber is generally non-reactive, stable, and resistant to extreme environments and temperatures from while still maintaining its useful properties.
Ceramic capacitorA ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor where the ceramic material acts as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and therefore applications. Ceramic capacitors are divided into two application classes: Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses for resonant circuit applications.
Infinitesimal strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory is a mathematical approach to the description of the deformation of a solid body in which the displacements of the material particles are assumed to be much smaller (indeed, infinitesimally smaller) than any relevant dimension of the body; so that its geometry and the constitutive properties of the material (such as density and stiffness) at each point of space can be assumed to be unchanged by the deformation.
PZTLes PZT, ou titano-zirconates de plomb, sont des composés chimiques de formule , où . Il s'agit de céramiques de structure pérovskite présentant plusieurs propriétés intéressantes : ferroélectricité, c'est-à-dire qu'elles ont une polarisation électrique spontanée, qui peut être inversée par l'application d'un champ électrique ; piézoélectricité, c'est-à-dire qu'elles peuvent changer de forme si on leur applique un champ électrique, ou qu'elles peuvent générer une tension électrique entre deux faces lorsqu'on leur applique une déformation — propriété particulièrement utile pour les capteurs, les transducteurs, les actionneurs au sens large ; pyroélectricité, c'est-à-dire qu'elles peuvent générer une tension électrique lorsqu'on modifie leur température, d'où des applications dans les sondes de température.
Finite strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the finite strain theory—also called large strain theory, or large deformation theory—deals with deformations in which strains and/or rotations are large enough to invalidate assumptions inherent in infinitesimal strain theory. In this case, the undeformed and deformed configurations of the continuum are significantly different, requiring a clear distinction between them. This is commonly the case with elastomers, plastically-deforming materials and other fluids and biological soft tissue.
Relative permittivityThe relative permittivity (in older texts, dielectric constant) is the permittivity of a material expressed as a ratio with the electric permittivity of a vacuum. A dielectric is an insulating material, and the dielectric constant of an insulator measures the ability of the insulator to store electric energy in an electrical field. Permittivity is a material's property that affects the Coulomb force between two point charges in the material. Relative permittivity is the factor by which the electric field between the charges is decreased relative to vacuum.
SiliconeLes silicones, ou polysiloxanes, sont des composés inorganiques formés d'une chaîne silicium-oxygène (-Si-O-Si-O-Si-O-) dans laquelle des groupes se fixent sur les atomes de silicium. Certains groupes organiques peuvent être utilisés pour relier plusieurs de ces chaînes. Le type le plus courant est le polydiméthylsiloxane linéaire (PDMS). Le second groupe en importance de matériaux en silicone est celui des résines silicone, formées par des oligosiloxanes ramifiés ou en forme de cage. Le mot silicone est épicène.
Dielectric gasA dielectric gas, or insulating gas, is a dielectric material in gaseous state. Its main purpose is to prevent or rapidly quench electric discharges. Dielectric gases are used as electrical insulators in high voltage applications, e.g. transformers, circuit breakers (namely sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers), switchgear (namely high voltage switchgear), radar waveguides, etc.
