Sustainable biofuelSustainable biofuel is biofuel produced in a sustainable manner. It is not based on petroleum or other fossil fuels. It includes not using plants that are used for food stuff to produce the fuel thus disrupting the world's food supply. Low-carbon fuel standard In 2008, the Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels released its proposed standards for sustainable biofuels. This includes 12 principles: "Biofuel production shall follow international treaties and national laws regarding such things as air quality, water resources, agricultural practices, labor conditions, and more.
Génie minierMining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from underneath, open pit, above, or on the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, and metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure.
Green growthGreen growth is a concept in economic theory and policymaking used to describe paths of economic growth that are environmentally sustainable. It is based on the understanding that as long as economic growth remains a predominant goal, a decoupling of economic growth from resource use and adverse environmental impacts is required. As such, green growth is closely related to the concepts of green economy and low-carbon or sustainable development. A main driver for green growth is the transition towards sustainable energy systems.
Stagnation économiqueLa stagnation économique, ou plus simplement stagnation, est une période de faible croissance économique (mesurée à l'aide du PIB). Le taux de croissance du PIB est inférieur à la croissance potentielle. L'idée d'une stagnation économique est ancienne en science économique. Thomas Malthus développe une pensée (malthusianisme économique) centrée sur le rapport entre la démographie et la stagnation de l'économie. Plusieurs siècles plus tard, Alvin Hansen conceptualise et précise la notion de stagnation séculaire.
Mineral resource classificationThere are several classification systems for the economic evaluation of mineral deposits worldwide. The most commonly used schemes base on the International Reporting Template, developed by the CRIRSCO - Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards, like the Australian Joint Ore Reserves Committee - JORC Code 2012, the Pan-European Reserves & Resources Reporting Committee' – PERC Reporting Standard from 2021, the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum - CIM classification and the South African Code for the Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (SAMREC).
Circuit économiqueLe circuit économique est une représentation schématique du système économique qui met en évidence la circulation du revenu, dépensé ou épargné. Il apporte une représentation schématisée de la circulation de flux de richesses (monnaie, biens, services, main d’œuvre) entre des pôles (production, consommation). Il permet d’évaluer les poids économiques des objets (production, consommation, emploi, importation/exportation). La représentation en circuit est l'un des outils basiques de l’analyse macroéconomique.
International lawInternational law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognised as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for states across a broad range of domains, including war and diplomacy, economic relations, and human rights. International law differs from state-based domestic legal systems in that it is primarily, though not exclusively, applicable to states, rather than to individuals, and operates largely through consent, since there is no universally accepted authority to enforce it upon sovereign states.
Technology adoption life cycleThe technology adoption lifecycle is a sociological model that describes the adoption or acceptance of a new product or innovation, according to the demographic and psychological characteristics of defined adopter groups. The process of adoption over time is typically illustrated as a classical normal distribution or "bell curve". The model indicates that the first group of people to use a new product is called "innovators", followed by "early adopters".
Économie politiqueL'économie politique peut s'entendre dans un sens général comme étant l'économie de la cité par opposition à l'économie domestique. L'expression d'« économie politique » est créée au début du et employée à l'origine selon Charles Gide pour décrire . Pour Léon Walras, l'économie politique se définit comme l’exposé de ce qui est, et le programme de ce qui devrait être.
Sciences de gestionLes sciences de gestion ou sciences du management (auparavant connues également sous le nom de « sciences commerciales ») sont une discipline des sciences sociales principalement issue de l'économie (discipline-mère), des mathématiques mais aussi du droit, de la sociologie et de la psychologie. Les sciences de gestion se subdivisent en plusieurs disciplines : Finance (d'entreprise et de marché) ; Comptabilité ; Stratégie ; Théorie des organisations ; Comportement organisationnel et gestion des ressources humaines ; Logistique, transport(s) et gestion de la production ; Marketing ; Systèmes d'information ; Analyse et Science des données ; Science de la décision ; Responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE).
