National Ambient Air Quality StandardsThe U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, pronounced ˈnæks ) are limits on atmospheric concentration of six pollutants that cause smog, acid rain, and other health hazards. Established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), NAAQS is applied for outdoor air throughout the country. The six criteria air pollutants (CAP), or criteria pollutants, for which limits are set in the NAAQS are ozone (O3), atmospheric particulate matter, lead, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
Energy poverty and cookingOne aspect of energy poverty is lack of access to clean, modern fuels and technologies for cooking. As of 2020, more than 2.6 billion people in developing countries routinely cook with fuels such as wood, animal dung, coal, or kerosene. Burning these types of fuels in open fires or traditional stoves causes harmful household air pollution, resulting in an estimated 3.8 million deaths annually according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and contributes to various health, socio-economic, and environmental problems.
MéthaneLe méthane est un composé chimique de formule chimique , découvert et isolé par Alessandro Volta entre 1776 et 1778. C'est l'hydrocarbure le plus simple et le premier terme de la famille des alcanes. Comme fluide frigorigène, il porte la dénomination « R50 » dans la nomenclature des réfrigérants, régie par la d'ANSI/ASHRAE. Assez abondant dans le milieu naturel, le méthane est un combustible à fort potentiel.
Methane emissionsIncreasing methane emissions are a major contributor to the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, and are responsible for up to one-third of near-term global heating. During 2019, about 60% (360 million tons) of methane released globally was from human activities, while natural sources contributed about 40% (230 million tons). Reducing methane emissions by capturing and utilizing the gas can produce simultaneous environmental and economic benefits.
Hémisphère ouestL'hémisphère ouest, est la moitié de la Terre qui est comprise à l'ouest du méridien de Greenwich jusqu'au . Il couvre pour l'essentiel l'ensemble du continent américain, l'ensemble de l'océan Atlantique et une grande partie de l'océan Pacifique. En complément, il couvre les parties occidentales extrêmes du continent européen et du continent africain ainsi qu'une partie de l'Antarctique. Les longitudes y sont inscrites soit par des nombres négatifs soit par la mention « Ouest » ; par exemple : « -65° » ou « 65° O ».
Hémisphère estL'hémisphère est ou hémisphère oriental, est la moitié de la Terre comprise à l'est du méridien de Greenwich jusqu'au . Il couvre le continent asiatique, l'océan Indien, l'Australie, la plupart du continent africain et du continent européen, une partie de l'océan Pacifique et de l'Antarctique. Les longitudes y sont inscrites soit par des nombres positifs, soit par la mention « Est » ; par exemple : « 65° » ou « 65° E ». Hémisphère nord Hémisphère sud Hémisphère ouest Ligne de changement de date Est he:המיס
Fugitive gas emissionsFugitive gas emissions are emissions of gas (typically natural gas, which contains methane) to atmosphere or groundwater which result from oil and gas or coal mining activity. In 2016, these emissions, when converted to their equivalent impact of carbon dioxide, accounted for 5.8% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Most fugitive emissions are the result of loss of well integrity through poorly sealed well casings due to geochemically unstable cement.
Granulé de boisvignette|Granulés de bois. Le granulé de bois, aussi connu sous le terme anglais de « pellet », est un petit bâtonnet cylindrique de combustible compacté. Il est principalement issu du compactage des résidus de scieries comme les sciures et copeaux provenant directement de la sylviculture. Principalement utilisés comme source d'énergie pour le chauffage, les granulés de bois servent aussi à la constitution de litières animales.
Gas ventingGas venting, more specifically known as natural-gas venting or methane venting, is the intentional and controlled release of gases containing alkane hydrocarbons - predominately methane - into earth's atmosphere. It is a widely used method for disposal of unwanted gases which are produced during the extraction of coal and crude oil. Such gases may lack value when they are not recyclable into the production process, have no export route to consumer markets, or are surplus to near-term demand.
Southern celestial hemisphereThe southern celestial hemisphere, also called the Southern Sky, is the southern half of the celestial sphere; that is, it lies south of the celestial equator. This arbitrary sphere, on which seemingly fixed stars form constellations, appears to rotate westward around a polar axis due to Earth's rotation. At any given time, the entire Southern Sky is visible from the geographic South Pole, while less of this hemisphere is visible the further north the observer is located. The northern counterpart is the northern celestial hemisphere.
