Meltdown (vulnérabilité)Meltdown est une vulnérabilité matérielle découverte exclusivement dans les microprocesseurs Intel x86 qui permet à un processus non autorisé l'accès privilégié à la mémoire. La vulnérabilité ne semble pas affecter les microprocesseurs AMD. Un code Common vulnerabilities and Exposures : CVE-2017-5754 a été émis. Meltdown a été découvert indépendamment par des chercheurs de Google Project Zero, Cyberus Technology, et de l'Université de Technologie de Graz. Il a été rendu public en conjonction avec une autre vulnérabilité Spectre, le .
Visual memoryVisual memory describes the relationship between perceptual processing and the encoding, storage and retrieval of the resulting neural representations. Visual memory occurs over a broad time range spanning from eye movements to years in order to visually navigate to a previously visited location. Visual memory is a form of memory which preserves some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. We are able to place in memory visual information which resembles objects, places, animals or people in a mental image.
Union typeIn computer science, a union is a value that may have any of several representations or formats within the same position in memory; that consists of a variable that may hold such a data structure. Some programming languages support special data types, called union types, to describe such values and variables. In other words, a union type definition will specify which of a number of permitted primitive types may be stored in its instances, e.g., "float or long integer".
Computer memoryComputer memory stores information, such as data and programs for immediate use in the computer. The term memory is often synonymous with the term primary storage or main memory. An archaic synonym for memory is store. Computer memory operates at a high speed compared to storage which is slower but less expensive and higher in capacity. Besides storing opened programs, computer memory serves as disk cache and write buffer to improve both reading and writing performance.
Mémoire (psychologie)thumb|350px|Les formes et fonctions de la mémoire en sciences. En psychologie, la mémoire est la faculté de l'esprit d'enregistrer, conserver et rappeler les expériences passées. Son investigation est réalisée par différentes disciplines : psychologie cognitive, neuropsychologie, et psychanalyse. thumb|Pyramide des cinq systèmes de mémoire. Le courant cognitiviste classique regroupe habituellement sous le terme de mémoire les processus dencodage, de stockage et de récupération des représentations mentales.
Rafraîchissement de la mémoireLe rafraîchissement de la mémoire est un processus qui consiste à lire périodiquement les informations d'une mémoire d'ordinateur et les réécrire immédiatement sans modifications, dans le but de prévenir la perte de ces informations. Le rafraîchissement de la mémoire est requis dans les mémoires de type DRAM (dynamic random access memory), le type de mémoire vive le plus largement utilisé, et le rafraîchissement est une des caractéristiques principales de ce type de mémoire.
Exec (system call)In computing, exec is a functionality of an operating system that runs an in the context of an already existing process, replacing the previous executable. This act is also referred to as an overlay. It is especially important in Unix-like systems, although it exists elsewhere. As no new process is created, the process identifier (PID) does not change, but the machine code, data, heap, and stack of the process are replaced by those of the new program.
Memory errorMemory gaps and errors refer to the incorrect recall, or complete loss, of information in the memory system for a specific detail and/or event. Memory errors may include remembering events that never occurred, or remembering them differently from the way they actually happened. These errors or gaps can occur due to a number of different reasons, including the emotional involvement in the situation, expectations and environmental changes.
Memory management (operating systems)In operating systems, memory management is the function responsible for managing the computer's primary memory. The memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location, either allocated or free. It determines how memory is allocated among competing processes, deciding which gets memory, when they receive it, and how much they are allowed. When memory is allocated it determines which memory locations will be assigned. It tracks when memory is freed or unallocated and updates the status.
Variable (informatique)En informatique, les variables sont des symboles qui associent un nom (l'identifiant) à une valeur. Dans la plupart des langages et notamment les plus courants, les variables peuvent changer de valeur au cours du temps (dynamique). Dans les langages de certains paradigmes, notamment la programmation fonctionnelle, leur valeur est au contraire figée dans le temps (statique). Contrairement à une variable, une constante est un identificateur associé à une valeur fixe. Syntaxiquement, cet identificateur a tous les aspects d'une variable.
