Global commonsGlobal commons is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found. Global commons include the earth's shared natural resources, such as the high oceans, the atmosphere and outer space and the Antarctic in particular. Cyberspace may also meet the definition of a global commons. "Global commons" is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found.
IndividualismeL’individualisme est une conception philosophique, politique, morale et sociologique où l’individu occupe la place centrale, par opposition aux théories holistes, qui font au contraire prédominer le groupe social. Il s’agit donc d’une primauté de l’identité personnelle par rapport à l’identité collective.
Passager clandestin (économie)Dans les sciences sociales, le free-rider problem (traduit en français par « 'problème du passager clandestin' ») est un type de défaillance du marché ou d'une organisation qui se produit lorsque ceux qui bénéficient d'une ressource ou d'un service (biens publics tels que routes ou hôpitaux publics, biens de nature communale) ne le paient pas ou le sous-paient. Les passagers clandestins peuvent poser problème car sans payer ou en sous-payant le bien (soit directement par des redevances, des cotisations ou des péages, soit indirectement par des taxes), ils continuent à y accéder ou à l'utiliser.
Arbitrary waveform generatorAn arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) is a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot (once only) in which case some kind of triggering source is required (internal or external). The resulting waveforms can be injected into a device under test and analyzed as they progress through it, confirming the proper operation of the device or pinpointing a fault in it. Unlike function generators, AWGs can generate any arbitrarily defined waveshape as their output.
Real prices and ideal pricesThe distinction between real prices and ideal prices is a distinction between actual prices paid for products, services, assets and labour (the net amount of money that actually changes hands), and computed prices which are not actually charged or paid in market trade, although they may facilitate trade. The difference is between actual prices paid, and information about possible, potential or likely prices, or "average" price levels.
Assurance socialeSocial insurance is a form of social welfare that provides insurance against economic risks. The insurance may be provided publicly or through the subsidizing of private insurance. In contrast to other forms of social assistance, individuals' claims are partly dependent on their contributions, which can be considered insurance premiums to create a common fund out of which the individuals are then paid benefits in the future.
