Cancer du reinLe cancer du rein est un cancer relativement rare, se développant à partir des cellules rénales. Les symptômes peuvent inclure la présence de sang dans les urines, une masse dans l'abdomen ou des douleurs au dos. De la fièvre, une perte de poids et de la fatigue peuvent également apparaître. Les complications peuvent inclure la propagation aux poumons ou au cerveau. Les principaux types de cancer du rein sont le carcinome des cellules rénales (CCR), le carcinome à cellules transitionnelles (CCT) et la tumeur de Wilms.
Cancer du pancréasLe cancer du pancréas, ou adénocarcinome pancréatique, est un cancer de la glande pancréatique (située derrière l’estomac et qui sécrète les enzymes digestives). Relativement rare (1,8 % des cancers en France en 2011, soit 9 040 nouveaux cas cette année-là) mais son incidence semble en augmentation récente. Des prédispositions génétiques familiales existent mais n'expliquent que 5 à 10 % des cas.
ChimiokineLes chimiokines (parfois appelées, par anglicisme, chémokines) sont une famille de petites protéines, majoritairement solubles, de 8-14 kilodaltons. Les chimiokines sont des cytokines chimiotactiques qui contrôlent les motifs de migration et le positionnement des cellules immunitaires. Leur fonction la plus étudiée est l'attraction (chimiotactisme) et le contrôle de l'état d'activation des cellules du système immunitaire. D'autres fonctions leur ont été aussi attribuées, dans le développement embryologique ou la physiologie du système nerveux par exemple.
Tumor antigenTumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are useful tumor markers in identifying tumor cells with diagnostic tests and are potential candidates for use in cancer therapy. The field of cancer immunology studies such topics. Normal proteins in the body are not antigenic because of self-tolerance, a process in which self-reacting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and autoantibody-producing B lymphocytes are culled "centrally" in primary lymphatic tissue (BM) and "peripherally" in secondary lymphatic tissue (mostly thymus for T-cells and spleen/lymph nodes for B cells).
Bone tumorA bone tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in bone, traditionally classified as noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Cancerous bone tumors usually originate from a cancer in another part of the body such as from lung, breast, thyroid, kidney and prostate. There may be a lump, pain, or neurological signs from pressure. A bone tumor might present with a pathologic fracture. Other symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, anemia and nausea. Sometimes there are no symptoms and the tumour is found when investigating another problem.
MalignancyMalignancy () is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer. A malignant tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous benign tumor in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues. A benign tumor has none of those properties, but may be harmful to health. The term benign in more general medical use characterises a condition or growth that is not cancerous, i.
Cancer des voies aérodigestives supérieuresUn cancer des voies aérodigestives supérieures (ou improprement cancer de la tête et du cou) est un cancer localisé au niveau des voies aérodigestives supérieures, ce qui regroupe les sinus, les fosses nasales, le pharynx (composé du nasopharynx, de l'oropharynx et de l'hypopharynx), la cavité buccale et le larynx. Outre la localisation, ce type de cancer partage, pour un certain nombre, plusieurs éléments : survenue liée à la consommation importante d'alcool et de tabac, type histologique de carcinome épidermoïde, exploration médicale ORL stéréotypée.
Treatment of cancerCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality, most commonly as a series of separate treatments (e.g. chemotherapy before surgery). The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). Cancer genome sequencing helps in determining which cancer the patient exactly has for determining the best therapy for the cancer.
CCL5Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (also CCL5) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL5 gene. The gene has been discovered in 1990 by in situ hybridisation and it is localised on 17q11.2-q12 chromosome. It is also known as RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted). RANTES was first described by Dr. Tom Schall who named the protein, the original source of the name Rantes was from the Argentine movie Man Facing Southeast about an alien who shows up in a mental ward who was named Rantés, the rather clunky acronym was only made to fit the name.
Chemokine receptorChemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. There have been 20 distinct chemokine receptors discovered in humans. Each has a rhodopsin-like 7-transmembrane (7TM) structure and couples to G-protein for signal transduction within a cell, making them members of a large protein family of G protein-coupled receptors. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) ions (calcium signaling).
