Financial economicsFinancial economics is the branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade". Its concern is thus the interrelation of financial variables, such as share prices, interest rates and exchange rates, as opposed to those concerning the real economy. It has two main areas of focus: asset pricing and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e.
Implied volatilityIn financial mathematics, the implied volatility (IV) of an option contract is that value of the volatility of the underlying instrument which, when input in an option pricing model (such as Black–Scholes), will return a theoretical value equal to the current market price of said option. A non-option financial instrument that has embedded optionality, such as an interest rate cap, can also have an implied volatility. Implied volatility, a forward-looking and subjective measure, differs from historical volatility because the latter is calculated from known past returns of a security.
Trois dimensionsTrois dimensions, tridimensionnel ou 3D sont des expressions qui caractérisent l'espace qui nous entoure, tel que perçu par notre vision, en ce qui concerne la largeur, la hauteur et la profondeur. Le terme « 3D » est également (et improprement) utilisé (surtout en anglais) pour désigner la représentation en (numérique), le relief des images stéréoscopiques ou autres , et même parfois le simple effet stéréophonique, qui ne peut par construction rendre que de la 2D (il ne s'agit donc que du calcul des projections perspectives, des ombrages, des rendus de matières).
One-dimensional spaceIn physics and mathematics, a sequence of n numbers can specify a location in n-dimensional space. When n = 1, the set of all such locations is called a one-dimensional space. An example of a one-dimensional space is the number line, where the position of each point on it can be described by a single number. In algebraic geometry there are several structures that are technically one-dimensional spaces but referred to in other terms. A field k is a one-dimensional vector space over itself.
Volatility smileVolatility smiles are implied volatility patterns that arise in pricing financial options. It is a parameter (implied volatility) that is needed to be modified for the Black–Scholes formula to fit market prices. In particular for a given expiration, options whose strike price differs substantially from the underlying asset's price command higher prices (and thus implied volatilities) than what is suggested by standard option pricing models. These options are said to be either deep in-the-money or out-of-the-money.
Volatilité (finance)La volatilité (en finance) est l'ampleur des variations du cours d'un actif financier. Elle sert de paramètre de quantification du risque de rendement et de prix d'un actif financier. Lorsque la volatilité est élevée, la possibilité de gain est plus importante, mais le risque de perte l'est aussi. C'est par exemple le cas de l'action d'une société plus endettée, ou disposant d'un potentiel de croissance plus fort et donc d'un cours plus élevé que la moyenne.
Volatilité stochastiqueLa volatilité stochastique est utilisée dans le cadre de la finance quantitative, pour évaluer des produits dérivés, tels que des options. Le nom provient du fait que le modèle traite la volatilité du sous-jacent comme un processus aléatoire, fonction de variables d'états telles que le prix du sous-jacent, la tendance qu'a la volatilité, à moyen terme, à faire revenir le prix vers une valeur moyenne, la variance du processus de la volatilité, etc.
Local volatilityA local volatility model, in mathematical finance and financial engineering, is an option pricing model that treats volatility as a function of both the current asset level and of time . As such, it is a generalisation of the Black–Scholes model, where the volatility is a constant (i.e. a trivial function of and ). Local volatility models are often compared with stochastic volatility models, where the instantaneous volatility is not just a function of the asset level but depends also on a new "global" randomness coming from an additional random component.
Lattice model (finance)In finance, a lattice model is a technique applied to the valuation of derivatives, where a discrete time model is required. For equity options, a typical example would be pricing an American option, where a decision as to option exercise is required at "all" times (any time) before and including maturity. A continuous model, on the other hand, such as Black–Scholes, would only allow for the valuation of European options, where exercise is on the option's maturity date.
Topologie en basses dimensionsEn mathématiques, la topologie en basses dimensions est la branche de la topologie qui concerne les variétés de dimension inférieure ou égale à quatre. Des sujets représentatifs en sont l'étude des variétés de dimension 3 et la théorie des nœuds et des tresses. Elle fait partie de la topologie géométrique. Un certain nombre d'avancées, à partir des années 1960, ont mis l'accent sur les basses dimensions en topologie.
