Taux d'expansion (théorie des graphes)En mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en théorie des graphes, le taux d'expansion d'un graphe est une mesure de connectivité de ce graphe. Informellement, un grand taux d'expansion veut dire que n'importe quel sous-ensemble de sommets relativement petit possède beaucoup de connexions avec le reste du graphe. Cette mesure est surtout utilisée en raison des propriétés intéressantes des graphes ayant un fort taux d'expansion, parfois appelés graphes expanseurs. On les retrouve notamment en informatique théorique.
Degree diameter problemIn graph theory, the degree diameter problem is the problem of finding the largest possible graph G (in terms of the size of its vertex set V) of diameter k such that the largest degree of any of the vertices in G is at most d. The size of G is bounded above by the Moore bound; for 1 < k and 2 < d only the Petersen graph, the Hoffman-Singleton graph, and possibly one more graph (not yet proven to exist) of diameter k = 2 and degree d = 57 attain the Moore bound.
Shallow minorIn graph theory, a shallow minor or limited-depth minor is a restricted form of a graph minor in which the subgraphs that are contracted to form the minor have small diameter. Shallow minors were introduced by , who attributed their invention to Charles E. Leiserson and Sivan Toledo. One way of defining a minor of an undirected graph G is by specifying a subgraph H of G, and a collection of disjoint subsets Si of the vertices of G, each of which forms a connected induced subgraph Hi of H.
Maximum weight matchingIn computer science and graph theory, the maximum weight matching problem is the problem of finding, in a weighted graph, a matching in which the sum of weights is maximized. A special case of it is the assignment problem, in which the input is restricted to be a bipartite graph, and the matching constrained to be have cardinality that of the smaller of the two partitions. Another special case is the problem of finding a maximum cardinality matching on an unweighted graph: this corresponds to the case where all edge weights are the same.
Largeur arborescenteEn théorie des graphes et en informatique théorique, la largeur arborescente ou largeur d'arbre d'un graphe (treewidth en anglais) est un nombre qui, intuitivement, mesure s'il est proche d'un arbre. Elle peut être définie de plusieurs manières, notamment en utilisant la décomposition arborescente. Souvent, un problème algorithmique facile sur les arbres est en fait facile pour les graphes qui ressemblent à des arbres. Ainsi, ce paramètre est souvent utilisé en algorithmique de graphes, notamment pour les schémas d'approximation polynomiaux et complexité paramétrée.
Apex graphIn graph theory, a branch of mathematics, an apex graph is a graph that can be made planar by the removal of a single vertex. The deleted vertex is called an apex of the graph. It is an apex, not the apex because an apex graph may have more than one apex; for example, in the minimal nonplanar graphs K_5 or K_3,3, every vertex is an apex. The apex graphs include graphs that are themselves planar, in which case again every vertex is an apex. The null graph is also counted as an apex graph even though it has no vertex to remove.
Edge coverIn graph theory, an edge cover of a graph is a set of edges such that every vertex of the graph is incident to at least one edge of the set. In computer science, the minimum edge cover problem is the problem of finding an edge cover of minimum size. It is an optimization problem that belongs to the class of covering problems and can be solved in polynomial time. Formally, an edge cover of a graph G is a set of edges C such that each vertex in G is incident with at least one edge in C.
Graphe de Ramanujanvignette|Le graphe de Pappus, qui selon les valeurs propres de sa matrice de connexion, est aussi un graphe de Ramanujan. Un graphe de Ramanujan, nommé d'après Srinivasa Ramanujan, est un graphe régulier dont le trou spectral (spectral gap) est presque aussi grand que possible. De tels graphes sont d'excellents graphes expanseurs. Autrement dit, il s'agit d'une famille de graphes où chaque sommet a un même degré (régulier) et où les deux valeurs propres les plus élevées ont une différence presque aussi grande que possible.
Bounded expansionIn graph theory, a family of graphs is said to have bounded expansion if all of its shallow minors are sparse graphs. Many natural families of sparse graphs have bounded expansion. A closely related but stronger property, polynomial expansion, is equivalent to the existence of separator theorems for these families. Families with these properties have efficient algorithms for problems including the subgraph isomorphism problem and model checking for the first order theory of graphs.
Isomorphisme de graphesEn mathématiques, dans le cadre de la théorie des graphes, un isomorphisme de graphes est une bijection entre les sommets de deux graphes qui préserve les arêtes. Ce concept est en accord avec la notion générale d'isomorphisme, une bijection qui préserve les structures. Plus précisément, un isomorphisme f entre les graphes G et H est une bijection entre les sommets de G et ceux de H, telle qu'une paire de sommets {u, v} de G est une arête de G si et seulement si {ƒ(u), ƒ(v)} est une arête de H.
