DemandIn economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. The relationship between price and quantity demand is also called the demand curve. Demand for a specific item is a function of an item's perceived necessity, price, perceived quality, convenience, available alternatives, purchasers' disposable income and tastes, and many other options. Innumerable factors and circumstances affect a consumer's willingness or to buy a good.
/dev/randomDans les systèmes d'exploitation de type Unix, /dev/random est un fichier spécial qui sert de générateur de nombres aléatoires (ou éventuellement de générateur de nombres pseudo-aléatoires). Il utilise comme source d'aléa certaines données de l'environnement recueillies auprès de pilotes de périphériques et d'autres sources, et les traite à l'aide de fonctions de hachage cryptographiques. La lecture du fichier est bloquée quand l'activité du système (entropie) n'est pas suffisante.
Cost engineeringCost engineering is "the engineering practice devoted to the management of project cost, involving such activities as estimating, cost control, cost forecasting, investment appraisal and risk analysis". "Cost Engineers budget, plan and monitor investment projects. They seek the optimum balance between cost, quality and time requirements." Skills and knowledge of cost engineers are similar to those of quantity surveyors. In many industries, cost engineering is synonymous with project controls.
Error analysis (mathematics)In mathematics, error analysis is the study of kind and quantity of error, or uncertainty, that may be present in the solution to a problem. This issue is particularly prominent in applied areas such as numerical analysis and statistics. In numerical simulation or modeling of real systems, error analysis is concerned with the changes in the output of the model as the parameters to the model vary about a mean. For instance, in a system modeled as a function of two variables Error analysis deals with the propagation of the numerical errors in and (around mean values and ) to error in (around a mean ).
Markowitz modelIn finance, the Markowitz model ─ put forward by Harry Markowitz in 1952 ─ is a portfolio optimization model; it assists in the selection of the most efficient portfolio by analyzing various possible portfolios of the given securities. Here, by choosing securities that do not 'move' exactly together, the HM model shows investors how to reduce their risk. The HM model is also called mean-variance model due to the fact that it is based on expected returns (mean) and the standard deviation (variance) of the various portfolios.
Cost estimateA cost estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation. The cost estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate has a single total value and may have identifiable component values. A problem with a cost overrun can be avoided with a credible, reliable, and accurate cost estimate. A cost estimator is the professional who prepares cost estimates. There are different types of cost estimators, whose title may be preceded by a modifier, such as building estimator, or electrical estimator, or chief estimator.
Coût fixeEn comptabilité analytique et en gestion, les coûts fixes sont les coûts indépendants du niveau d'activité ou des quantités produites dont l'entreprise doit s'acquitter pour son bon fonctionnement (loyer, coûts administratifs, électricité hors production, etc.). À l'inverse, les coûts variables sont les coûts des facteurs variables, c'est-à-dire des facteurs de production dont les quantités varient avec le niveau d'activité de l'entreprise ou les quantités produites.
Structure socialeIn the social sciences, social structure is the aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals. Likewise, society is believed to be grouped into structurally related groups or sets of roles, with different functions, meanings, or purposes. Examples of social structure include family, religion, law, economy, and class. It contrasts with "social system", which refers to the parent structure in which these various structures are embedded.
Problème du postier chinoisvignette|Le graphe des arêtes du cube n'est pas eulérien (sommets de degré 3), mais peut l'être rendu en dédoublant quatre de ses douze arêtes, ce qui ajoute un degré à chaque sommet et fournit un parcours de postier. En théorie des graphes et en algorithmique, le problème du postier chinois, ou problème du postier (en anglais route inspection problem) consiste à trouver un plus court chemin dans un graphe connexe non orienté qui passe au moins une fois par chaque arête et revient à son point de départ.
Function problemIn computational complexity theory, a function problem is a computational problem where a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem. For function problems, the output is not simply 'yes' or 'no'. A functional problem is defined by a relation over strings of an arbitrary alphabet : An algorithm solves if for every input such that there exists a satisfying , the algorithm produces one such , and if there are no such , it rejects.
