Hazard ratioIn survival analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) is the ratio of the hazard rates corresponding to the conditions characterised by two distinct levels of a treatment variable of interest. For example, in a clinical study of a drug, the treated population may die at twice the rate per unit time of the control population. The hazard ratio would be 2, indicating higher hazard of death from the treatment. A scientific paper might utilise a Hazard Ratio (HR) to state something as follows.
Magnitude apparentevignette|Image de la nébuleuse de la Tarentule prise par le télescope VISTA de l'ESO. La nébuleuse a une magnitude apparente de 8 et est entourée d'objets célestes aux magnitudes diverses. La magnitude apparente est une mesure de l'irradiance d'un objet céleste observé depuis la Terre. Utilisée quasi exclusivement en astronomie, la magnitude correspondait historiquement à un classement des étoiles, les plus brillantes étant de « première magnitude », les deuxièmes et troisièmes magnitudes étant plus faibles, jusqu'à la sixième magnitude, étoiles à peine visibles à l'œil nu.
Time–frequency representationA time–frequency representation (TFR) is a view of a signal (taken to be a function of time) represented over both time and frequency. Time–frequency analysis means analysis into the time–frequency domain provided by a TFR. This is achieved by using a formulation often called "Time–Frequency Distribution", abbreviated as TFD. TFRs are often complex-valued fields over time and frequency, where the modulus of the field represents either amplitude or "energy density" (the concentration of the root mean square over time and frequency), and the argument of the field represents phase.
ConsiderationConsideration is a concept of English common law and is a necessity for simple contracts but not for special contracts (contracts by deed). The concept has been adopted by other common law jurisdictions. The court in Currie v Misa declared consideration to be a “Right, Interest, Profit, Benefit, or Forbearance, Detriment, Loss, Responsibility”. Thus, consideration is a promise of something of value given by a promissor in exchange for something of value given by a promisee; and typically the thing of value is goods, money, or an act.
Éducation alternativeL'éducation alternative ou pédagogie alternative, également appelée pédagogie non traditionnelle, désigne toutes les approches pédagogiques se réclamant d'un courant pédagogique unique et qui diffèrent donc de la pédagogie dite « traditionnelle » basée sur un enseignement différencié. L'éducation alternative peut, par la suite et en fonction de ses résultats, venir enrichir la pédagogie traditionnelle qu'elle permet de faire évoluer ou au contraire disparaître par manque d'efficacité.
Alternative schoolAn alternative school is an educational establishment with a curriculum and methods that are nontraditional. Such schools offer a wide range of philosophies and teaching methods; some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, while others are more ad hoc assemblies of teachers and students dissatisfied with some aspect of mainstream or traditional education.
Consideration in English lawConsideration is an English common law concept within the law of contract, and is a necessity for simple contracts (but not for special contracts by deed). The concept of consideration has been adopted by other common law jurisdictions, including the US. Consideration can be anything of value (such as any goods, money, services, or promises of any of these), which each party gives as a quid pro quo to support their side of the bargain. Mutual promises constitute consideration for each other.
Time–frequency analysisIn signal processing, time–frequency analysis comprises those techniques that study a signal in both the time and frequency domains simultaneously, using various time–frequency representations. Rather than viewing a 1-dimensional signal (a function, real or complex-valued, whose domain is the real line) and some transform (another function whose domain is the real line, obtained from the original via some transform), time–frequency analysis studies a two-dimensional signal – a function whose domain is the two-dimensional real plane, obtained from the signal via a time–frequency transform.
Linear recurrence with constant coefficientsIn mathematics (including combinatorics, linear algebra, and dynamical systems), a linear recurrence with constant coefficients (also known as a linear recurrence relation or linear difference equation) sets equal to 0 a polynomial that is linear in the various iterates of a variable—that is, in the values of the elements of a sequence. The polynomial's linearity means that each of its terms has degree 0 or 1.
Ordre de grandeurUn ordre de grandeur est un nombre qui représente de façon simplifiée mais approximative la mesure d'une grandeur physique. Ce nombre, le plus souvent une puissance de 10, est utilisé notamment pour communiquer sur des valeurs très grandes ou très petites, comme le diamètre du système solaire ou la charge d'un électron. L'ordre de grandeur se mémorise plus facilement qu'une valeur précise et suffit pour de nombreux usages. Il est également utile dans les domaines intermédiaires pour situer la taille d'un objet ou pour choisir la gamme d'appareils de mesure à lui appliquer.
