Revision of the EPICA Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600-kyr before present

Firn air and ice have been sampled and analyzed for trace gases (CO2, N2O, CH4, and CO) and isotopes (14C, 13C, and 18O of CO2; 3H of ice) at 3 m intervals from the surface to the depth of closure at 60 m on the Devon Island Ice Cap, a low-elevation permanent glacier in the Canadian Arctic Islands, to investigate firn diffusion and the effects of summer melting. The 14CO2 profile from the permeable firn includes the 1963 thermonuclear peak at a depth of 53.9 ± 1.5 m. The twofold increase and rapid decay that characterize the recent atmospheric history for 14CO2 provide a robust atmospheric scenario that is used with a firn air diffusion model to inversely construct the firn diffusivity profile. The results show a permeable but essentially nondiffusive zone from 50 to 60 m depth. A firn-ice age profile was produced from density measurements, and accumulation rates were calibrated with the depth of the 1963 thermonuclear 3H peak. The average ages for CO2 in the sampled firn air profile were determined by a new method based on the rate of 18O exchange between CO2 and the ice matrix. Calibrated with the 1963 peak for thermonuclear 14CO2, a 21.2-year reaction halftime is calculated for exchange taking place at the firn temperature of -22.8°C on Devon. This gives an average age of 54.9 (+6.0/-12.0) years for firn air at 60 m depth in 140-year-old ice. Thus CO2 has a mean age 85 years younger than associated ice at the point of occlusion. The measured δ18OCO2 in firn air provides no indication of alteration by summer melting, which is attributed to a high degree of convective and diffusive flushing of the upper firn as shown by diffusion modeling. This suggests that ice sheets with summer melt layers can reliably preserve atmospheric trace gas signals. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.