Coarse-grained modelingCoarse-grained modeling, coarse-grained models, aim at simulating the behaviour of complex systems using their coarse-grained (simplified) representation. Coarse-grained models are widely used for molecular modeling of biomolecules at various granularity levels. A wide range of coarse-grained models have been proposed. They are usually dedicated to computational modeling of specific molecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipid membranes, carbohydrates or water.
Microscopic scaleThe microscopic scale () is the scale of objects and events smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye, requiring a lens or microscope to see them clearly. In physics, the microscopic scale is sometimes regarded as the scale between the macroscopic scale and the quantum scale. Microscopic units and measurements are used to classify and describe very small objects. One common microscopic length scale unit is the micrometre (also called a micron) (symbol: μm), which is one millionth of a metre.
Ratio estimatorThe ratio estimator is a statistical estimator for the ratio of means of two random variables. Ratio estimates are biased and corrections must be made when they are used in experimental or survey work. The ratio estimates are asymmetrical and symmetrical tests such as the t test should not be used to generate confidence intervals. The bias is of the order O(1/n) (see big O notation) so as the sample size (n) increases, the bias will asymptotically approach 0. Therefore, the estimator is approximately unbiased for large sample sizes.
Natural exponential familyIn probability and statistics, a natural exponential family (NEF) is a class of probability distributions that is a special case of an exponential family (EF). The natural exponential families (NEF) are a subset of the exponential families. A NEF is an exponential family in which the natural parameter η and the natural statistic T(x) are both the identity. A distribution in an exponential family with parameter θ can be written with probability density function (PDF) where and are known functions.
ÉconométrieL'économétrie est une branche de la science économique qui a pour objectif d'estimer et de tester les modèles économiques. L'économétrie en tant que discipline naît dans les années 1930 avec la création de la société d'économétrie par Irving Fisher et Ragnar Frisch (1930) et la création de la revue Econometrica (1933). Depuis lors, l'économétrie n'a cessé de se développer et de prendre une importance croissante au sein de la science économique. L'économétrie théorique se focalise essentiellement sur deux questions, l'identification et l'estimation statistique.
Interacting particle systemIn probability theory, an interacting particle system (IPS) is a stochastic process on some configuration space given by a site space, a countably-infinite-order graph and a local state space, a compact metric space . More precisely IPS are continuous-time Markov jump processes describing the collective behavior of stochastically interacting components. IPS are the continuous-time analogue of stochastic cellular automata.
Problème du char d'assaut allemandLe problème du char d'assaut allemand réfère à une estimation de la valeur maximale d'une loi uniforme discrète à partir d'un échantillonnage sans remplacement. Il tire son nom de son application par les Alliés de la Seconde Guerre mondiale afin d'estimer la production de chars d'assaut allemands. Le problème peut être abordé selon les approches d' ou bayésienne. Selon l'approche fréquentiste, le nombre total () est fonction du nombre d'échantillons () et de la valeur de l'échantillon le plus élevé () selon la relation suivante : On suppose que l'ennemi produit une série de chars immatriculés par des entiers en commençant par le chiffre 1.
