Biologie des solsvignette|La biologie des sols est l'étude de la vie microbienne et faunique dans le sol, dont l'activité est visible sur cette photo. La biologie des sols est l'étude de l'activité et de l’écologie microbienne et faunique du sol. Lédaphon (la vie, le biot et la faune du sol) est un terme collectif qui englobe tous les organismes passant une partie importante de leur cycle de vie au sein d'un profil pédologique, ou de l'interface sol-litière.
Liquéfaction du solthumb|Immeubles partiellement enfouis et ayant basculé à la faveur d'une liquéfaction du sol lors du séisme de 1964 à Niigata, au Japon. thumb|upright|Immeuble endommagé à la suite de la liquéfaction du sol lors du séisme de 2011 en Nouvelle-Zélande. La liquéfaction du sol est un phénomène sismique géologique, généralement brutal et temporaire, par lequel un sol saturé en eau perd une partie ou la totalité de sa portance, causant ainsi l'enfoncement et l'effondrement des constructions.
Soil regenerationSoil regeneration, as a particular form of ecological regeneration within the field of restoration ecology, is creating new soil and rejuvenating soil health by: minimizing the loss of topsoil, retaining more carbon than is depleted, boosting biodiversity, and maintaining proper water and nutrient cycling. This has many benefits, such as: soil sequestration of carbon in response to a growing threat of climate change, a reduced risk of soil erosion, and increased overall soil resilience.
Élasticité (économie)vignette|Elasticity-elastic En économie, l'élasticité mesure la variation d'une grandeur provoquée par la variation d'une autre grandeur. Ainsi, pour un produit donné, lorsque les volumes demandés augmentent de 15 % quand le prix de vente baisse de 10 %, l'élasticité de la demande par rapport au prix de vente est le quotient de la variation de la demande rapporté à la variation de prix de vente, soit -1,5 = (15 % / -10 %). Ici toute baisse de prix provoque une augmentation plus importante des quantités vendues.
Cross elasticity of demandIn economics, the cross (or cross-price) elasticity of demand measures the effect of changes in the price of one good on the quantity demanded of another good. This reflects the fact that the quantity demanded of good is dependent on not only its own price (price elasticity of demand) but also the price of other "related" good. The cross elasticity of demand is calculated as the ratio between the percentage change of the quantity demanded for a good and the percentage change in the price of another good, ceteris paribus:The sign of the cross elasticity indicates the relationship between two goods.
Colonne (architecture)vignette|250px|Colonnes monumentales datant de l'Antiquité romaine du temple de Bel à Palmyre, Syrie. vignette|200px|Colonnes engagées et baguées à bossages vermiculés. La colonne est, en architecture, ameublement, sculpture et ingénierie des structures, un support vertical dont le plan est un cercle (colonne cylindrique) ou un polygone régulier à plus de quatre côtés (colonne polygonale). Elle se distingue du pilier et du pilastre. Elle est composée en principe d'une base, d'un fût et d'un chapiteau.
DemandIn economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. The relationship between price and quantity demand is also called the demand curve. Demand for a specific item is a function of an item's perceived necessity, price, perceived quality, convenience, available alternatives, purchasers' disposable income and tastes, and many other options. Innumerable factors and circumstances affect a consumer's willingness or to buy a good.
Law of demandIn microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), quantity demanded will decrease (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded will increase (↑)". Alfred Marshall worded this as: "When we say that a person's demand for anything increases, we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price, and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price".
Soil food webThe soil food web is the community of organisms living all or part of their lives in the soil. It describes a complex living system in the soil and how it interacts with the environment, plants, and animals. Food webs describe the transfer of energy between species in an ecosystem. While a food chain examines one, linear, energy pathway through an ecosystem, a food web is more complex and illustrates all of the potential pathways. Much of this transferred energy comes from the sun.
Price elasticity of supplyThe price elasticity of supply (PES or Es) is a measure used in economics to show the responsiveness, or elasticity, of the quantity supplied of a good or service to a change in its price. Price elasticity of supply, in application, is the percentage change of the quantity supplied resulting from a 1% change in price. Alternatively, PES is the percentage change in the quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price. When PES is less than one, the supply of the good can be described as inelastic.
