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Measuring the size of cellulose nanomaterials can be challenging, especially in the case of branched and entangled cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). The International Organization for Standardization, Technical Committee 6, Task Group 1-Cellulosic Nanomaterials, is exploring opportunities to develop standard methods for the measure-ment of CNF particle size and particle size distribution. This paper presents a summary of the available measuring techniques, responses from a survey on the measurement needs of CNF companies and researchers, and outcomes from an international workshop on cellulose nanofibril measurement and standardization. Standardization needs differed among groups, with Japanese companies mostly requiring measurements for product specification and production control, and other companies mostly needing measurements for safety/regula-tory purposes and for grade definitions in patents. Among all the companies, average length and width with percen-tiles (D(10), D(50), D(90)) were the most desired measurands. Workshop participants concurred that defining the location(s) on the CNF at which to measure the width and the length is an urgent and complex question. They also agreed that methods are needed for rapid particle size measurement at the nanoscale.Our recommendation within ISO is to start work to revise the definition of CNFs and develop sample preparation and measurement guidelines. It was also recommended that further research be done to reproducibly prepare hier-archical branched CNF structures and characterize them, develop automated image analysis for hierarchical branched CNF structures, and develop a classification system encompassing measurements at multiple size ranges from micro-to nanoscale to fully characterize and distinguish CNF samples. Application: The theme of this research paper is "Addressing the gap: What is needed vs. what is feasible" in CNF particle size measurements. Readers will learn about the challenges in particle size measurements; why such measurements are needed in CNF production control, product specification, grade specification, benchmarking, and safety/regulatory requirements; which measurement techniques show promise; and a pathway for future efforts in standards development to address the measurement challenges.
Jian Wang, Lesya Shchutska, Olivier Schneider, Yiming Li, Yi Zhang, Aurelio Bay, Guido Haefeli, Christoph Frei, Frédéric Blanc, Tatsuya Nakada, Michel De Cian, Luca Pescatore, François Fleuret, Elena Graverini, Renato Quagliani, Maria Vieites Diaz, Federico Betti, Andrea Merli, Aravindhan Venkateswaran, Luis Miguel Garcia Martin, Vitalii Lisovskyi, Sebastian Schulte, Veronica Sølund Kirsebom, Elisabeth Maria Niel, Alexandre Brea Rodriguez, Mingkui Wang, Zhirui Xu, Lei Zhang, Ho Ling Li, Mark Tobin, Minh Tâm Tran, Niko Neufeld, Matthew Needham, Marc-Olivier Bettler, Maurizio Martinelli, Vladislav Balagura, Donal Patrick Hill, Liang Sun, Pietro Marino, Mirco Dorigo, Xiaoxue Han, Liupan An, Federico Leo Redi, Plamen Hristov Hopchev, Thibaud Humair, Maxime Schubiger, Hang Yin, Guido Andreassi, Violaine Bellée, Olivier Göran Girard, Preema Rennee Pais, Pavol Stefko, Tara Nanut, Maria Elena Stramaglia, Yao Zhou, Tommaso Colombo, Vladimir Macko, Guillaume Max Pietrzyk, Albert Puig Navarro, Evgenii Shmanin, Simone Meloni, Xiaoqing Zhou, Lino Ferreira Lopes, Surapat Ek-In, Carina Trippl, Sara Celani, Dipanwita Dutta, Zheng Wang, Yi Wang, Hans Dijkstra, Gerhard Raven, Peter Clarke, Frédéric Teubert, Giovanni Carboni, Victor Coco, Adam Davis, Paolo Durante, Wenyu Zhang, Yu Zheng, Anton Petrov, Maxim Borisyak, Feng Jiang, Chen Chen, Zhipeng Tang, Luis Alberto Granado Cardoso, Daniel Hugo Cámpora Pérez, Xuan Li, Alexey Boldyrev, Almagul Kondybayeva, Hossein Afsharnia