CogénérationLa cogénération est la production simultanée de deux formes d’énergie différentes dans la même centrale. Le cas le plus fréquent est la production simultanée d'électricité et de chaleur utile par des moteurs thermiques ou des turbines à gaz. La cogénération est une technique efficace d'utilisation des énergies fossiles et renouvelables, qui valorise une énergie généralement rejetée dans l'environnement, comme la chaleur. upright|thumb|Cycle d'une machine thermique parfaite dans un diagramme entropie-température.
Exhaust gasExhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, biodiesel blends, or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas stack, or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume. It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions (and from stationary internal combustion engines), which can also include crankcase blow-by and evaporation of unused gasoline.
Superheated steamSuperheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than its vaporization point at the absolute pressure where the temperature is measured. Superheated steam can therefore cool (lose internal energy) by some amount, resulting in a lowering of its temperature without changing state (i.e., condensing) from a gas, to a mixture of saturated vapor and liquid. If unsaturated steam (a mixture which contains both water vapor and liquid water droplets) is heated at constant pressure, its temperature will also remain constant as the vapor quality (think dryness, or percent saturated vapor) increases towards 100%, and becomes dry (i.
Time reversibilityA mathematical or physical process is time-reversible if the dynamics of the process remain well-defined when the sequence of time-states is reversed. A deterministic process is time-reversible if the time-reversed process satisfies the same dynamic equations as the original process; in other words, the equations are invariant or symmetrical under a change in the sign of time. A stochastic process is reversible if the statistical properties of the process are the same as the statistical properties for time-reversed data from the same process.
Endothermic processIn thermochemistry, an endothermic process () is any thermodynamic process with an increase in the enthalpy H (or internal energy U) of the system. In such a process, a closed system usually absorbs thermal energy from its surroundings, which is heat transfer into the system. Thus, an endothermic reaction generally leads to an increase in the temperature of the system and a decrease in that of the surroundings. It may be a chemical process, such as dissolving ammonium nitrate () in water (), or a physical process, such as the melting of ice cubes.
Boiler (power generation)A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water. Although the definitions are somewhat flexible, it can be said that older steam generators were commonly termed boilers and worked at low to medium pressure () but, at pressures above this, it is more usual to speak of a steam generator. A boiler or steam generator is used wherever a source of steam is required.
RecuperatorA recuperator is a special purpose counter-flow energy recovery heat exchanger positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air handling system, or in the exhaust gases of an industrial process, in order to recover the waste heat. Generally, they are used to extract heat from the exhaust and use it to preheat air entering the combustion system. In this way they use waste energy to heat the air, offsetting some of the fuel, and thereby improve the energy efficiency of the system as a whole.
Chaudière à tubes d'eaulang=fr|vignette|droite|540px|Schéma d'une chaudière à tubes d'eau. Une chaudière à tubes d'eau ou chaudière multitubulaire est une chaudière dans laquelle l'eau circule à l'intérieur de tubes chauffés par des gaz. Dans une chaudière à tubes d'eau, à l'inverse des chaudière dites « à tubes de fumée » dans lesquelles les gaz de combustion traversent par des tubes le réservoir d'eau, c'est l'eau qui circule à l'intérieur des tubes chauffés par les gaz.
Surchauffe (vapeur)thumb|chaudière éclatée montrant le système de surchauffe : de petits tubes sont insérés dans les tubes à fumée de plus gros diamètre. Le passage de la chaleur entre les gros et petits tube réchauffera la vapeur contenue dans les petits tubes La surchauffe est une opération physique qui a lieu dans une chaudière pour éviter que la vapeur d'eau ne contienne la moindre goutte d'eau en suspension. Cette opération permet d'utiliser au maximum le potentiel de la vapeur produite.
Kværner processThe Kværner process or the Kværner carbon black and hydrogen process (CB&H) is a method of producing carbon black and hydrogen gas from hydrocarbons such as methane, natural gas and biogas with no greenhouse gas pollution. The process was developed in the 1980s by the Norwegian engineering firm Kværner, and was first commercially exploited in 1999. Further refinement enabled the methane pyrolysis process for implementation at high-volume and low-cost. The endothermic reaction separates (i.e.
