Cancer epigeneticsCancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence, but instead involve a change in the way the genetic code is expressed. Epigenetic mechanisms are necessary to maintain normal sequences of tissue specific gene expression and are crucial for normal development. They may be just as important, if not even more important, than genetic mutations in a cell's transformation to cancer.
Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
Breast cancer awarenessBreast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through education about screening, symptoms, and treatment. Supporters hope that greater knowledge will lead to earlier detection of breast cancer, which is associated with higher long-term survival rates, and that money raised for breast cancer will produce a reliable, permanent cure. Breast cancer advocacy and awareness efforts are a type of health advocacy. Breast cancer advocates raise funds and lobby for better care, more knowledge, and more patient empowerment.
Metastatic breast cancerMetastatic breast cancer, also referred to as metastases, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of breast cancer where the breast cancer cells have spread to distant sites beyond the axillary lymph nodes. There is no cure for metastatic breast cancer; there is no stage after IV. Metastases can occur several years after the primary breast cancer, although it is sometimes diagnosed at the same time as the primary breast cancer or, rarely, before the primary breast cancer has been diagnosed.
Séquençage de l'ADNcadre|Résultat du séquençage par la méthode de Sanger. L'ordre de chaque bande indique la position d'un nucléotide A,T,C ou G Le séquençage de l'ADN consiste à déterminer l'ordre d'enchaînement des nucléotides pour un fragment d’ADN donné. La séquence d’ADN contient l’information nécessaire aux êtres vivants pour survivre et se reproduire. Déterminer cette séquence est donc utile aussi bien pour les recherches visant à savoir comment vivent les organismes que pour des sujets appliqués.
Breast cancer screeningBreast cancer screening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. A number of screening tests have been employed, including clinical and self breast exams, mammography, genetic screening, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. A clinical or self breast exam involves feeling the breast for lumps or other abnormalities.
Cancer pédiatriquevignette|Une fillette essaie des chapeaux à porter après la chimiothérapie contre une tumeur de Wilms, un type de cancer qui touche généralement les enfants. vignette|Anne-Gabrielle Caron atteinte atteinte d'un sarcome d'Ewing touchant principalement les enfants. Le cancer pédiatrique ou cancer de l'enfant est un cancer qui touche un enfant ou adolescent âgé de 0 à 14 ans inclus (juste avant 15 ans). Certaines définitions du cancer de l'enfant incluent aussi les adolescents de 15 à 19 ans.
Male breast cancerMale breast cancer (MBC) is a cancer in males that originates in their breasts. Males account for less than 1% of new breast cancers with about 20,000 new cases being diagnosed worldwide every year. Its incidence rates in males vs. females are, respectively, 0.4 and 66.7 per 100,000 person-years (person-years is the number of new cases divided by the product of the relevant population's size multiplied by the average number of years of observation, i.e. new cases ÷ [population × years]).
Cancer de l'anusLe cancer de l'anus est un cancer né dans le canal anal. Il ne doit pas être confondu avec le cancer du rectum. Plus de 90 % des cas de cancer de l'anus seraient liés au papillomavirus. L'anus est constitué de trois types d'épithéliums, chacun pouvant être atteint d'un type de cancer particulier. Le type le plus fréquent est le « carcinome épidermoïde ». Ce cancer peut apparaître sous forme d'un bourgeonnement externe plus ou moins ulcéré. Certains cas ressemblent à une fissure ou encore sont confondus quelquefois avec des hémorroïdes.
BévacizumabLe bévacizumab est le premier anticorps monoclonal dirigé contre le facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire (en Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ou VEGF). Il a été développé par le laboratoire de Napoleone Ferrara au sein de Genentech. C'est un inhibiteur de l'angiogenèse, qui ralentit la croissance de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins. Il est commercialisé sous le nom d'Avastin par les laboratoires Roche, dans le traitement contre certains cancers en 2004 : le cancer colorectal, les cancers du poumon, du sein, du rein et de l'ovaire et le glioblastome.
