Métabolisme de basevignette|Tableau du métabolisme de base (le même que celui plus bas) Le métabolisme de base (MB), ou métabolisme basal, correspond aux besoins énergétiques « incompressibles » de l'organisme, c’est-à-dire la dépense d'énergie minimum quotidienne permettant à l'organisme de survivre ; au repos, l’organisme consomme en effet de l’énergie pour maintenir en activité ses fonctions (cœur, cerveau, respiration, digestion, maintien de la température du corps), via des réactions biochimiques (qui utilisent l'ATP).
Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acidβ-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), otherwise known as its conjugate base, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, is a naturally produced substance in humans that is used as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain medical foods that are intended to promote wound healing and provide nutritional support for people with muscle wasting due to cancer or HIV/AIDS. In healthy adults, supplementation with HMB has been shown to increase exercise-induced gains in muscle size, muscle strength, and lean body mass, reduce skeletal muscle damage from exercise, improve aerobic exercise performance, and expedite recovery from exercise.
Essai cliniqueUn essai clinique, ou étude clinique, ou encore essai thérapeutique, est une étude scientifique réalisée en thérapeutique médicale humaine pour évaluer l'efficacité et la tolérance d'une méthode diagnostique ou d'un traitement. L'objectif d'un essai n'est pas d'apporter un bénéfice thérapeutique au volontaire. Le Comité international des rédacteurs de revue médicales en donne la définition suivante : . Ces études sont souvent effectuées après des études expérimentales non-cliniques (sur des modèles animaux ou cellulaires) pour confirmer leur pertinence et leur sécurité.
Autophagievignette|droite|upright=1.0|Mécanisme de l'autophagie. L’autophagie (du grec : , et ), autolyse ou autophagocytose, est un mécanisme physiologique, intracellulaire, de protection et de recyclage d'éléments cellulaires : les organites indésirables ou endommagés, un pathogène introduit dans la cellule, des protéines mal repliées... sont ainsi collectés et transportés vers les lysosomes pour être dégradés. Une partie du cytoplasme est ainsi recyclé par ses propres lysosomes.
Déficience visuellethumb|300px|Surface podotactile à la gare de Paris-Est Un déficient visuel est une personne dont l'acuité visuelle est faible (malvoyante), voire inférieure à 1/20 pour le meilleur œil après correction (aveugle). Selon l'organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), il existe différentes causes : les défauts de réfraction non corrigés : myopie, astigmatisme, hypermétropie et presbytie ; la cataracte ; la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge ; le glaucome ; la rétinopathie diabétique ; l’opacité de la cornée; le trachome.
Aging-associated diseasesAn aging-associated disease (commonly termed age-related disease, ARD) is a disease that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence. They are essentially complications of senescence, distinguished from the aging process itself because all adult animals age (with rare exceptions) but not all adult animals experience all age-associated diseases. The term does not refer to age-specific diseases, such as the childhood diseases chicken pox and measles, only diseases of the elderly.
Memory and agingAge-related memory loss, sometimes described as "normal aging" (also spelled "ageing" in British English), is qualitatively different from memory loss associated with types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, and is believed to have a different brain mechanism. Mild cognitive impairment Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which people face memory problems more often than that of the average person their age. These symptoms, however, do not prevent them from carrying out normal activities and are not as severe as the symptoms for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Flux (metabolism)Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway. Within cells, regulation of flux is vital for all metabolic pathways to regulate the pathway's activity under different conditions. Flux is therefore of great interest in metabolic network modelling, where it is analysed via flux balance analysis and metabolic control analysis.
Mitochondrial theory of ageingThe mitochondrial theory of ageing has two varieties: free radical and non-free radical. The first is one of the variants of the free radical theory of ageing. It was formulated by J. Miquel and colleagues in 1980 and was developed in the works of Linnane and coworkers (1989). The second was proposed by A. N. Lobachev in 1978. The mitochondrial free radical theory of ageing (MFRTA) proposes that free radicals produced by mitochondrial activity damage cellular components, leading to ageing.
Muscle weaknessMuscle weakness is a lack of muscle strength. Its causes are many and can be divided into conditions that have either true or perceived muscle weakness. True muscle weakness is a primary symptom of a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, including muscular dystrophy and inflammatory myopathy. It occurs in neuromuscular junction disorders, such as myasthenia gravis. Muscle weakness can also be caused by low levels of potassium and other electrolytes within muscle cells.
