Energy poverty and cookingOne aspect of energy poverty is lack of access to clean, modern fuels and technologies for cooking. As of 2020, more than 2.6 billion people in developing countries routinely cook with fuels such as wood, animal dung, coal, or kerosene. Burning these types of fuels in open fires or traditional stoves causes harmful household air pollution, resulting in an estimated 3.8 million deaths annually according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and contributes to various health, socio-economic, and environmental problems.
Bacterial taxonomyBacterial taxonomy is subfield of taxonomy devoted to the classification of bacteria specimens into taxonomic ranks. In the scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus, each species is assigned to a genus resulting in a two-part name. This name denotes the two lowest levels in a hierarchy of ranks, increasingly larger groupings of species based on common traits. Of these ranks, domains are the most general level of categorization. Presently, scientists classify all life into just three domains, Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea.
Wood-burning stoveA wood-burning stove (or wood burner or log burner in the UK) is a heating or cooking appliance capable of burning wood fuel, often called solid fuel, and wood-derived biomass fuel, such as sawdust bricks. Generally the appliance consists of a solid metal (usually cast iron or steel) closed firebox, often lined by fire brick, and one or more air controls (which can be manually or automatically operated depending upon the stove). The first wood-burning stove was patented in Strasbourg in 1557.
ProtistaLes protistes, sont des microorganismes eucaryotes à organisation cellulaire dite simple, unicellulaire le plus souvent, multicellulaire parfois mais sans tissus spécialisés. Ce sont des Eucaryotes autres qu'un animal (Animalia), un champignon (Fungi) ou une plante (Plantae). Ce groupe est très hétérogène, tant du point de vue anatomique que physiologique. Certains protistes sont des organismes autotrophes (on parlait de protophytes), d'autres sont hétérotrophes (appelés protozoaires) et d'autres encore sont mixotrophes comme certains dinoflagellés.
Marine mucilageMarine mucilage, also referenced as sea snot or sea saliva, is thick, gelatinous organic matter found around the world's oceans, lately observed in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine mucilage carries diverse microorganisms. Triggers that cause it to form include increased phosphorus, drought conditions, and climate change. Its effects are widespread, affecting fishing industries, smothering sea life, and spreading bacteria and viruses. Citizens and governments around the world are working to institute countermeasures, including treatment, seawater cleanup, and other public policies.
Biomass (energy)Biomass, in the context of energy production, is matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms which is used for bioenergy production. Examples include wood, wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues including straw, and organic waste from industry and households. Wood and wood residues is the largest biomass energy source today. Wood can be used as a fuel directly or processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels. Other plants can also be used as fuel, for instance maize, switchgrass, miscanthus and bamboo.
Shunt viralvignette|462x462px| Le flux de DOM et POM à travers le réseau trophique, avec l'emplacement de la voie de dérivation virale. La dérivation virale, ou encore court-circuit ou court-circuitage viral (dit aussi shunt viral, calque de l'anglais viral shunt en anglais) est un mécanisme qui empêche les particules organiques microbiennes marines (POM) de migrer vers les niveaux trophiques, en les recyclant en matière organique dissoute (DOM), laquelle peut être facilement absorbée par les micro-organismes.
Marine chemistryMarine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is influenced by plate tectonics and seafloor spreading, turbidity currents, sediments, pH levels, atmospheric constituents, metamorphic activity, and ecology. The field of chemical oceanography studies the chemistry of marine environments including the influences of different variables. Marine life has adapted to the chemistries unique to earth's oceans, and marine ecosystems are sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry.
Réseau trophiquevignette|Deux représentations rendant compte du fonctionnement d'un écosystème : pyramide écologique (a) et réseau trophique (b). Un réseau trophique est un ensemble de chaînes alimentaires reliées entre elles au sein d'un écosystème et par lesquelles l'énergie et la biomasse circulent (échanges d'éléments tels que le flux de carbone et d'azote entre les différents niveaux de la chaîne alimentaire, échange de carbone entre les végétaux autotrophes et les hétérotrophes).
HétérotrophieL'hétérotrophie est le mode de nutrition des organismes vivants hétérotrophes. Ces organismes se nourrissent de matière organique préexistante. L'hétérotrophie s'oppose à l'autotrophie. Les organismes autotrophes fabriquent la matière organique qui les constitue à partir de matière minérale. Certains organismes se nourrissent à la fois par autotrophie et par hétérotrophie. Ces organismes sont dits mixotrophes. La plupart des animaux (dont les humains) sont ainsi hétérotrophes, tandis que la plupart des plantes sont autotrophes.
