Land degradationLand degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Natural hazards are excluded as a cause; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires. Expert projections suggest that land degradation will be an important theme of the 21st century, impacting agricultural productivity, biodiversity loss, environmental change, and its effects on food security.
Resource depletionResource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources (see also mineral resource classification). Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion. The value of a resource is a direct result of its availability in nature and the cost of extracting the resource, the more a resource is depleted the more the value of the resource increases.
Paysage forestier intactUn paysage forestier intact ou PFI (plus souvent désigné par Intact Forest Landscape ou IFL dans la littérature) désigne un paysage « naturel » considéré comme à la fois non artificiellement morcelé et non dégradé. La dégradation peut porter tant sur la continuité écologique que sur les composantes écosystémiques générales, que plus spécifiquement floristiques, faunistiques et d'habitats .
Prise de décisionvignette|Lorsqu'il s'agit de prendre une décision, il est bon de savoir que des situations différentes nécessitent une approche différente. Il n'y a pas de façon unique de penser/d'agir. la plupart du temps, nous errons dans l'espace du désordre, sans savoir ce qui se passe, sans savoir comment agir. Dans ce cas, nous avons tendance à entrer dans l'espace avec lequel nous nous sentons le plus à l'aise et à commencer à agir. Lorsque vous avez trouvé le Saint Graal, la solution unique pour chaque problème, vous feriez mieux de faire attention.
International relations theoryInternational relations theory is the study of international relations (IR) from a theoretical perspective. It seeks to explain behaviors and outcomes in international politics. The four most prominent schools of thought are realism, liberalism, constructivism, and rational choice. Whereas realism and liberalism make broad and specific predictions about international relations, constructivism and rational choice are methodological approaches that focus on certain types of social explanation for phenomena.
Online participationOnline participation is used to describe the interaction between users and online communities on the web. Online communities often involve members to provide content to the website and/or contribute in some way. Examples of such include wikis, blogs, online multiplayer games, and other types of social platforms. Online participation is currently a heavily researched field. It provides insight into fields such as web design, online marketing, crowdsourcing, and many areas of psychology.
Régression et dégradation des solsvignette|redresse=1.7|Carte mondiale de la dégradation des sols établie en 2017. Selon le rapport de 2015 de la FAO et l' sur l'« État des ressources du sol dans le monde », un tiers des terres arables de la planète sont plus ou moins menacées de disparaître. Les principales menaces qui affectent les sols sont leur érosion (par l'eau, le vent ou le labour), la perte de carbone organique et les déséquilibres nutritifs liés principalement au changement d'affectation des sols (urbanisation, défrichement), ainsi qu'à l'intensification de l'agriculture et de la déforestation.
ResourceResource refers to all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. Resources can broadly be classified upon their availability — they are classified into renewable and non-renewable resources. They can also be classified as actual and potential on the basis of the level of development and use, on the basis of origin they can be classified as biotic and abiotic, and on the basis of their distribution, as ubiquitous and localised (private, community-owned, national and international resources).
Decision modelA decision model in decision theory is the starting point for a decision method within a formal (axiomatic) system. Decision models contain at least one action axiom. An action is in the form "IF is true, THEN do ". An action axiom tests a condition (antecedent) and, if the condition has been met, then (consequent) it suggests (mandates) an action: from knowledge to action. A decision model may also be a network of connected decisions, information and knowledge that represents a decision-making approach that can be used repeatedly (such as one developed using the Decision Model and Notation standard).
Néoréalisme (relations internationales)Le néoréalisme (aussi appelé réalisme structurel) est un courant théorique dans la discipline des relations internationales. Il a été fondé par Kenneth Waltz dans son ouvrage Theory of International Politics (1979). Des auteurs comme Robert Gilpin, Joseph Grieco, Robert Jervis, John Mearsheimer, Jack Snyder, Stephen Walt peuvent également être classés dans ce courant. Le néoréalisme s'est développé principalement dans la science politique américaine.
