Uncertainty quantificationUncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head-on crash with another car: even if the speed was exactly known, small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars, how tightly every bolt has been tightened, etc.
Structural integrity and failureStructural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs. Structural integrity is the ability of an item—either a structural component or a structure consisting of many components—to hold together under a load, including its own weight, without breaking or deforming excessively.
Permissible stress designPermissible stress design is a design philosophy used by mechanical engineers and civil engineers. The civil designer ensures that the stresses developed in a structure due to service loads do not exceed the elastic limit. This limit is usually determined by ensuring that stresses remain within the limits through the use of factors of safety. In structural engineering, the permissible stress design approach has generally been replaced internationally by limit state design (also known as ultimate stress design, or in USA, Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD) as far as structural engineering is considered, except for some isolated cases.
Chargeur sur pneusvignette|Caterpillar 950K. Un chargeur sur pneus, ou chargeuse sur pneus, est un engin de chantier sur pneus. Il comporte typiquement un corps automoteur articulé et une benne de grande taille à l'avant. Celle-ci, aussi appelée godet, peut effectuer un mouvement vertical et pivoter autour de son axe porteur. Il se distingue des engins à corps rigide comme la chargeuse sur chenilles et le tractopelle, généralement plus petit et polyvalent, ainsi que dans sa version télescopique du chariot télescopique, également à corps rigide et généralement plus petit.
Tractopellevignette|Caterpillar 420 E au travail en chargeur, 2008. Une tractopelle est un engin de génie civil combinant un chargeur sur pneus et une pelleteuse. La pelle, de petite taille, est surtout destinée à des travaux légers (creusement de tranchées, ou en agriculture pour des travaux très diversifiés). Cet engin est aussi appelé chargeuse-pelleteuse, ou rétrocaveuse et pelle rétro si l'on considère principalement la pelleteuse. Au Québec, on utilise aussi couramment le nom familier pépine, un onomastisme qui vient du nom commercial Pippin (Construction Equipment).
