Somatic evolution in cancerSomatic evolution is the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in somatic cells (the cells of a body, as opposed to germ plasm and stem cells) during a lifetime, and the effects of those mutations and epimutations on the fitness of those cells. This evolutionary process has first been shown by the studies of Bert Vogelstein in colon cancer. Somatic evolution is important in the process of aging as well as the development of some diseases, including cancer. Cells in pre-malignant and malignant neoplasms (tumors) evolve by natural selection.
Stem-cell nicheStem-cell niche refers to a microenvironment, within the specific anatomic location where stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem-cell microenvironment. During embryonic development, various niche factors act on embryonic stem cells to alter gene expression, and induce their proliferation or differentiation for the development of the fetus.
Économie du savoirL'économie du savoir, l'économie de la connaissance, l'économie de l'immatériel ou encore le capitalisme cognitif, est, selon certains économistes, une nouvelle phase de l'histoire économique qui aurait commencé dans les années 1990. Le concept est établi par Fritz Machlup en 1962 par la publication de son livre The production and distribution of knowledge in the United States ; sa thèse de 1977 montre que près de 45 % des employés aux États-Unis manipulent de l'information.
Cellule souche (médecine)Les cellules souches sont des cellules indifférenciées capables de s’autorenouveler et de se différencier en cellules spécialisées. Leur potentiel de différenciation dépend de leur capacité (cellules souches unipotentes, multipotentes ou pluripotentes) et de leur origine (cellules souches fœtales, embryonnaires ou adultes). Les cellules souches ont été décrites dans les années 60 notamment par les chercheurs James Till et Ernest McCulloch.
Cellule mésenchymateuseLes cellules mésenchymateuses sont des cellules souches, stromales et multipotentes. Elles sont présentes dans le mésenchyme de l'embryon, dans le sang de cordon ombilical et plus encore dans la gelée de Wharton (qui entoure le cordon). Elles sont aussi présentes chez l'adulte, mais en très faibles quantités. Depuis la fin des années 1990, la démonstration de la capacité unique des cellules souches (SC) à s'auto-renouveler a suscité d'importants espoirs d'usages thérapeutiques nouveaux.
Immunité cellulaireCell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
Stem-cell lineA stem cell line is a group of stem cells that is cultured in vitro and can be propagated indefinitely. Stem cell lines are derived from either animal or human tissues and come from one of three sources: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced stem cells. They are commonly used in research and regenerative medicine. Stem cell By definition, stem cells possess two properties: (1) they can self-renew, which means that they can divide indefinitely while remaining in an undifferentiated state; and (2) they are pluripotent or multipotent, which means that they can differentiate to form specialized cell types.
Progenitor cellA progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than progenitor cells. Progenitor cells can only differentiate into their "target" cell type. The most important difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving.
LeucopoïèseLa leucopoïèse (appelée parfois leucocytopoïèse), est la fabrication des leucocytes ou globules blancs. Les deux principales formes de leucopoïèse sont la lymphopoïèse (fabrication des lymphocytes) et la myélopoïèse (fabrication des globules rouges, de plaquettes sanguines, des monocytes et des granulocytes). La leucopoïèse fait partie de l'Hématopoïèse. Chaque type de leucocyte a des mécanismes et une durée de fabrication qui lui sont propres. La granulopoïèse, qui concerne les granulocytes ou polynucléaires, dure environ 10 jours.
Knowledge sharingKnowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge (namely, information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, peers, families, communities (for example, Wikipedia), or within or between organizations. It bridges the individual and organizational knowledge, improving the absorptive and innovation capacity and thus leading to sustained competitive advantage of companies as well as individuals. Knowledge sharing is part of the knowledge management process.
