Processeur vectorielvignette|Processeur vectoriel d'un supercalculateur Cray-1. Un processeur vectoriel est un processeur possédant diverses fonctionnalités architecturales lui permettant d'améliorer l’exécution de programmes utilisant massivement des tableaux, des matrices, et qui permet de profiter du parallélisme inhérent à l'usage de ces derniers. Développé pour des applications scientifiques et exploité par les machines Cray et les supercalculateurs qui lui feront suite, ce type d'architecture a rapidement montré ses avantages pour des applications grand public (on peut citer la manipulation d'images).
Tensor Processing Unitvignette|Un Tensor Processing Unit 3.0 datant de mai 2016 Un Tensor Processing Unit (TPU, unité de traitement de tenseur) est un circuit intégré spécifique pour une application (ASIC), développé par Google spécifiquement pour accélérer les systèmes d'intelligence artificielle par réseaux de neurones. Les TPU ont été annoncés en 2016 au Google I/O, lorsque la société a déclaré les utiliser dans leurs centres de données depuis plus d'un an.
Science des matériauxLa science des matériaux repose sur la relation entre les propriétés, la morphologie structurale et la mise en œuvre des matériaux qui constituent les objets qui nous entourent (métaux, polymères, semi-conducteurs, céramiques, composites, etc.). Elle se focalise sur l'étude des principales caractéristiques des matériaux, ainsi que leurs propriétés mécaniques, chimiques, électriques, thermiques, optiques et magnétiques. La science des matériaux est au cœur de beaucoup des grandes révolutions techniques.
Matter waveMatter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics, being half of wave–particle duality. All matter exhibits wave-like behavior. For example, a beam of electrons can be diffracted just like a beam of light or a water wave. The concept that matter behaves like a wave was proposed by French physicist Louis de Broglie (dəˈbrɔɪ) in 1924, and so matter waves are also known as de Broglie waves.
Onde longitudinaleLongitudinal waves are waves in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels and displacement of the medium is in the same (or opposite) direction of the wave propagation. Mechanical longitudinal waves are also called compressional or compression waves, because they produce compression and rarefaction when traveling through a medium, and pressure waves, because they produce increases and decreases in pressure.
Structural integrity and failureStructural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs. Structural integrity is the ability of an item—either a structural component or a structure consisting of many components—to hold together under a load, including its own weight, without breaking or deforming excessively.
Environmental impact of frackingThe environmental impact of fracking is related to land use and water consumption, air emissions, including methane emissions, brine and fracturing fluid leakage, water contamination, noise pollution, and health. Water and air pollution are the biggest risks to human health from fracking. Research has determined that fracking negatively affects human health and drives climate change. Fracking fluids include proppants and other substances, which include chemicals known to be toxic, as well as unknown chemicals that may be toxic.
BoreholeA borehole is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or horizontally. A borehole may be constructed for many different purposes, including the extraction of water (drilled water well and tube well), other liquids (such as petroleum), or gases (such as natural gas). It may also be part of a geotechnical investigation, environmental site assessment, mineral exploration, temperature measurement, as a pilot hole for installing piers or underground utilities, for geothermal installations, or for underground storage of unwanted substances, e.
AcoustiqueL’acoustique est la science du son. La discipline a étendu son domaine à l'étude de toute onde mécanique dans tout fluide, où un ébranlement se propage presque exclusivement en onde longitudinale ; le calcul de ces ondes selon les caractéristiques du milieu s'applique aussi bien pour l'air aux fréquences audibles que pour tout milieu fluide homogène et toute fréquence, y compris infrasons et ultrasons. On parle de vibroacoustique quand l'étude se porte sur l'interaction entre solides, où existent des ondes transversales, et fluides.
S waveNOTOC In seismology and other areas involving elastic waves, S waves, secondary waves, or shear waves (sometimes called elastic S waves) are a type of elastic wave and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object, unlike surface waves. S waves are transverse waves, meaning that the direction of particle movement of a S wave is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, and the main restoring force comes from shear stress.
