Surface chargeA surface charge is an electric charge present on a two-dimensional surface. These electric charges are constrained on this 2-D surface, and surface charge density, measured in coulombs per square meter (C•m−2), is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface. The electric potential is continuous across a surface charge and the electric field is discontinuous, but not infinite; this is unless the surface charge consists of a dipole layer. In comparison, the potential and electric field both diverge at any point charge or linear charge.
Linear sweep voltammetryIn analytical chemistry, linear sweep voltammetry is a method of voltammetry where the current at a working electrode is measured while the potential between the working electrode and a reference electrode is swept linearly in time. Oxidation or reduction of species is registered as a peak or trough in the current signal at the potential at which the species begins to be oxidized or reduced. The experimental setup for linear sweep voltammetry utilizes a potentiostat and a three-electrode setup to deliver a potential to a solution and monitor its change in current.
Hydrodynamic voltammetryIn analytical chemistry, hydrodynamic voltammetry is a form of voltammetry in which the analyte solution flows relative to a working electrode. In many voltammetry techniques, the solution is intentionally left still to allow diffusion-controlled mass transfer. When a solution is made to flow, through stirring or some other physical mechanism, it is very important to the technique to achieve a very controlled flux or mass transfer in order to obtain predictable results.
Électrode auxiliairethumb|upright=1.4|Système à trois électrodes : 1) électrode de travail 2) électrode auxiliaire 3) électrode de référence. Une électrode auxiliaire est une électrode utilisée dans une cellule électrochimique à trois électrodes pour l'analyse voltamétrique ou d'autres réactions dans lesquelles un courant électrique est attendu.
Cellule électrochimiquevignette| Une configuration de cellule électrochimique de démonstration ressemblant à la cellule Daniell. Les deux demi-cellules sont reliées par un pont salin portant des ions entre elles. Les électrons circulent dans le circuit externe. Une cellule électrochimique est un appareil capable de générer de l'énergie électrique à partir de réactions chimiques ou d'utiliser de l'énergie électrique pour provoquer des réactions chimiques.
PseudocapacitancePseudocapacitance is the electrochemical storage of electricity in an electrochemical capacitor known as a pseudocapacitor. This faradaic charge transfer originates by a very fast sequence of reversible faradaic redox, electrosorption or intercalation processes on the surface of suitable electrodes. Pseudocapacitance is accompanied by an electron charge-transfer between electrolyte and electrode coming from a de-solvated and adsorbed ion. One electron per charge unit is involved.
Standard electrode potentialIn electrochemistry, standard electrode potential , or , is a measure of the reducing power of any element or compound. The IUPAC "Gold Book" defines it as: "the value of the standard emf (electromotive force) of a cell in which molecular hydrogen under standard pressure is oxidized to solvated protons at the left-hand electrode". The basis for an electrochemical cell, such as the galvanic cell, is always a redox reaction which can be broken down into two half-reactions: oxidation at anode (loss of electron) and reduction at cathode (gain of electron).
Colloidal crystalA colloidal crystal is an ordered array of colloidal particles and fine grained materials analogous to a standard crystal whose repeating subunits are atoms or molecules. A natural example of this phenomenon can be found in the gem opal, where spheres of silica assume a close-packed locally periodic structure under moderate compression. Bulk properties of a colloidal crystal depend on composition, particle size, packing arrangement, and degree of regularity.
Self-assembly of nanoparticlesNanoparticles are classified as having at least one of three dimensions be in the range of 1-100 nm. The small size of nanoparticles allows them to have unique characteristics which may not be possible on the macro-scale. Self-assembly is the spontaneous organization of smaller subunits to form larger, well-organized patterns. For nanoparticles, this spontaneous assembly is a consequence of interactions between the particles aimed at achieving a thermodynamic equilibrium and reducing the system’s free energy.
Colloïdevignette|Le lait est une suspension colloïdale de globules gras dans l'eau. Les colloïdes sont définis internationalement, par l'International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, comme des "systèmes colloïdaux", avec la définition suivante : Le terme désigne un état de subdivision, avec des molécules ou des particules polymoléculaires dispersées dans un milieu et dont la taille, au moins dans une direction, est entre 1 nanomètre et 1 micromètre, ou avec des discontinuités à des distances de cet ordre de grandeur.
