Structural integrity and failureStructural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs. Structural integrity is the ability of an item—either a structural component or a structure consisting of many components—to hold together under a load, including its own weight, without breaking or deforming excessively.
Structural loadA structural load or structural action is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions.
Poutre (construction)right|thumb|Poutres et solives dans une maison polonaise Une poutre est à l'origine un bois de brin, de manière préférentielle du chêne, équarri à la scie de long ou à la hache (cognée, herminette et doloire de charpentier), et qui était donc de toute la grosseur des arbres; c'est-à-dire qu'on n'avait enlevé du tronc que les dosses, laissant le duramen quasi intact. Elle peut servir à faire des clôtures. Le côté d’une poutre est selon NF B50-002 supérieur à 120 millimètres.
Structural steelStructural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a of a specific cross section. Structural steel shapes, sizes, chemical composition, mechanical properties such as strengths, storage practices, etc., are regulated by standards in most industrialized countries. Most structural steel shapes, such as -beams, have high second moments of area, which means they are very stiff in respect to their cross-sectional area and thus can support a high load without excessive sagging.
Constructionvignette|upright|Les grues sont essentielles pour des travaux importants tels que les gratte-ciel. La construction est le fait d'assembler différents éléments d'un édifice en utilisant des matériaux et des techniques appropriées. Le secteur économique de la construction, appelé « bâtiment et travaux publics » (BTP) dans une partie de l'Europe francophone, regroupe toutes les activités de conception et de construction des bâtiments publics et privés, industriels ou non, et des infrastructures telles que les routes ou les canalisations.
Construction managementConstruction management (CM) is a professional service that uses specialized, project management techniques and software to oversee the planning, design, construction and closeout of a project. The purpose of construction management is to control the quality of a project's scope, time / delivery and cost—sometimes referred to as a project management triangle or "triple constraints." CM is compatible with all project delivery systems, including design-bid-build, design-build, CM At-Risk and Public Private Partnerships.
Limit state designLimit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. The condition may refer to a degree of loading or other actions on the structure, while the criteria refer to structural integrity, fitness for use, durability or other design requirements.
Structural engineerStructural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic, and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty discipline within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right.
Coffragethumb|Coffrage Cadres. Le coffrage est une enceinte provisoire, un moule, destinée à maintenir en place un matériau de construction le temps que celui-ci devienne autoportant, soit par prise, séchage (béton, pisé), soit par d'autres contraintes physiques (pierres, dans le cas d'une voûte). Le coffrage a pour but de réaliser des ouvrages aux formes définies par la surface interne du coffrage. vignette|upright=1.5|Coffrages d'angle pour couler des murs à angle droit.
FonderieLa fonderie est l'un des procédés de formage des métaux qui consiste à couler un métal ou un alliage liquide dans un moule pour reproduire, après refroidissement, une pièce donnée (forme intérieure et extérieure) en limitant autant que possible les travaux ultérieurs de finition. Les techniques employées dépendent de l’alliage fondu, des dimensions, des caractéristiques et des quantités de pièces à produire.
