MotoneuroneLes motoneurones constituent la voie de sortie du système nerveux central ou la voie finale de tout acte moteur. Les corps cellulaires des motoneurones sont situés soit dans le tronc cérébral, soit dans la corne ventrale de la substance grise de la moelle épinière. Chaque motoneurone possède un axone qui part du système nerveux central pour innerver les fibres musculaires d'un muscle. L'ensemble constitué par un motoneurone et les fibres musculaires qu'il innerve constitue une unité motrice.
Aliment génétiquement modifiéGenetically modified foods (GM foods), also known as genetically engineered foods (GE foods), or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using various methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits when compared to previous methods, such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.
Mésencéphalevignette|Vue tridimensionnelle du mésencéphale (en rouge). vignette|right|Vue dorsale (postérieure) du tronc cérébral, colliculus supérieur et inférieur. lang=fr|vignette|Développement embryonnaire de l'encéphale. Le mésencéphale, ou cerveau moyen, est, chez les chordés, une région du tronc cérébral reliée au cerveau, située entre le pont de Varole (ou protubérance) en bas et le diencéphale en haut.
GliogenesisGliogenesis is the generation of non-neuronal glia populations derived from multipotent neural stem cells. Gliogenesis results in the formation of non-neuronal glia populations from neuronal cells. In this capacity, glial cells provide multiple functions to both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Subsequent differentiation of glial cell populations results in function-specialized glial lineages.
TélencéphaleLe télencéphale désigne, en neuroanatomie des chordés, l'ensemble constitué par les hémisphères cérébraux (cortex cérébral, substance blanche et structures sous-corticales) et des structures associées. Chez l'humain, il pèse entre , ce qui en fait la structure la plus développée de son encéphale. Il se compose de deux hémisphères reliés par des ponts de substances blanches appelés commissures inter-hémisphériques, tel le corps calleux.
Schaffer collateralSchaffer collaterals are axon collaterals given off by CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. These collaterals project to area CA1 of the hippocampus and are an integral part of memory formation and the emotional network of the Papez circuit, and of the hippocampal trisynaptic loop. It is one of the most studied synapses in the world and named after the Hungarian anatomist-neurologist Károly Schaffer. As a part of the hippocampal structures, Schaffer collaterals develop the limbic system, which plays a critical role in the aspects of learning and memory.
Regulation of genetic engineeringThe regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Lebanon and Egypt use substantial equivalence as the starting point when assessing safety, while many countries such as those in the European Union, Brazil and China authorize GMO cultivation on a case-by-case basis. Many countries allow the import of GM food with authorization, but either do not allow its cultivation (Russia, Norway, Israel) or have provisions for cultivation, but no GM products are yet produced (Japan, South Korea).
Flux axoplasmiqueLe flux axoplasmique ou transport axonal désigne le transport des macromolécules, et en particulier des protéines, le long de l'axone des neurones, soit dans le sens antérograde, du corps cellulaire vers la synapse, soit dans le sens inverse, dit rétrograde. Ce double flux directionnel a été mis en évidence en 1971 par Liliana Lubińska. Suivant les mécanismes impliqués, ces flux peuvent être rapides (quelques microns par seconde) ou lents (environ cent fois moins vite).
Neuronal migration disorderNeuronal migration disorder (NMD) refers to a heterogenous group of disorders that, it is supposed, share the same etiopathological mechanism: a variable degree of disruption in the migration of neuroblasts during neurogenesis. The neuronal migration disorders are termed cerebral dysgenesis disorders, brain malformations caused by primary alterations during neurogenesis; on the other hand, brain malformations are highly diverse and refer to any insult to the brain during its formation and maturation due to intrinsic or extrinsic causes that ultimately will alter the normal brain anatomy.
Graft (surgery)Grafting refers to a surgical procedure to move tissue from one site to another on the body, or from another creature, without bringing its own blood supply with it. Instead, a new blood supply grows in after it is placed. A similar technique where tissue is transferred with the blood supply intact is called a flap. In some instances, a graft can be an artificially manufactured device. Examples of this are a tube to carry blood flow across a defect or from an artery to a vein for use in hemodialysis.
