Département de la SantéA health department or health ministry is a part of government which focuses on issues related to the general health of the citizenry. Subnational entities, such as states, counties and cities, often also operate a health department of their own. Health departments perform food inspections and other health related inspections (the person who performs this job is often called a public health inspector), vaccination programs, free STD and HIV tests, tobacco enforcement and cessation programs, and other medical assistance programs.
Interaction biologiquevignette|Diagramme simplifié des six principales interactions biologiques. Une interaction biologique, appelée aussi interaction biotique ou interaction écologique, désigne un processus impliquant des échanges ou relations réciproques entre plusieurs individus ou espèces dans un écosystème (relations interspécifiques), ou entre deux ou plusieurs individus d'une même population (relations intraspécifiques).
Diversité bêtaLa diversité bêta (diversité-β) est une mesure de la biodiversité qui consiste à comparer la diversité des espèces entre écosystèmes ou le long de gradients environnementaux. Cela suppose de comparer le nombre de taxons qui sont uniques à chacun des écosystèmes. C'est le taux de variation en composition d'espèces dans l'ensemble des habitats ou parmi des communautés. Cela donne une mesure quantitative de la diversité des communautés des environnements changeants.
Marine coastal ecosystemA marine coastal ecosystem is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity. For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds.
Marine prokaryotesMarine prokaryotes are marine bacteria and marine archaea. They are defined by their habitat as prokaryotes that live in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. All cellular life forms can be divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, whereas prokaryotes are the organisms that do not have a nucleus enclosed within a membrane.
Politique de santéLes politiques de santé consistent à fixer collectivement des caps pour donner à chacun les moyens de se soigner, et de rester en bonne santé le plus longtemps possible. De manière générale, le terme de « politiques de santé » désigne les politiques publiques des États, ou des autres échelons de décisions politiques (Union européenne, régions...). Mais l’État et les échelons locaux de décision politique ne sont pas les seules instances à se saisir de ces questions qui peuvent aussi être portées par des entreprises privées, des organismes d'assurance maladie, des groupes de citoyens.
Alpha diversityIn ecology, alpha diversity (α-diversity) is the mean species diversity in a site at a local scale. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (gamma diversity) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites at a more local scale (alpha diversity) and the differentiation among those sites (beta diversity).
Matière fécale humainevignette|Matière fécale humaine. La matière fécale humaine ou les fèces humaines diffèrent grandement d'apparence, en fonction de l'état de l'ensemble de l'appareil digestif, qui subit lui-même l'influence du régime alimentaire et de la santé. Normalement, elles sont semi-solides et enrobées de mucus. De petits morceaux de selles plus dures, moins humides peuvent s'être incrustées dans l'extrémité distale (ce qui est normal lorsqu'un mouvement péristaltique du côlon est incomplet, et que des fèces retournent du rectum vers l'intestin, où l'eau est absorbée).
Bacterial genomeBacterial genomes are generally smaller and less variant in size among species when compared with genomes of eukaryotes. Bacterial genomes can range in size anywhere from about 130 kbp to over 14 Mbp. A study that included, but was not limited to, 478 bacterial genomes, concluded that as genome size increases, the number of genes increases at a disproportionately slower rate in eukaryotes than in non-eukaryotes. Thus, the proportion of non-coding DNA goes up with genome size more quickly in non-bacteria than in bacteria.
Chronic woundA chronic wound is a wound that does not heal in an orderly set of stages and in a predictable amount of time the way most wounds do; wounds that do not heal within three months are often considered chronic. Chronic wounds seem to be detained in one or more of the phases of wound healing. For example, chronic wounds often remain in the inflammatory stage for too long. To overcome that stage and jump-start the healing process, a number of factors need to be addressed such as bacterial burden, necrotic tissue, and moisture balance of the whole wound.
