Spermatozoïdevignette|Fécondation d'un ovule par un spermatozoïde humain. vignette|Spermatozoïdes de différents végétaux et algues : (1) Diatomée (2) Laminaire (3) Fucus (4) Marchantia (5) Plytrichum (mousse) (6) Lycopodium (7) Sélaginelle (8) Psilotum (9) Polypodium (10) Equisetum Un spermatozoïde est une cellule reproductrice (ou gamète) mâle mobile, intervenant dans la reproduction sexuée. Lors de la fécondation, le spermatozoïde s'unit à un ovocyte (gamète femelle) pour former une cellule-œuf, qui se développera ensuite en embryon pour donner un nouvel individu.
Sperm motilitySperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly through the female reproductive tract (internal fertilization) or through water (external fertilization) to reach the egg. Sperm motility can also be thought of as the quality, which is a factor in successful conception; sperm that do not "swim" properly will not reach the egg in order to fertilize it. Sperm motility in mammals also facilitates the passage of the sperm through the cumulus oophorus (a layer of cells) and the zona pellucida (a layer of extracellular matrix), which surround the mammalian oocyte.
BRCA mutationA BRCA mutation is a mutation in either of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are tumour suppressor genes. Hundreds of different types of mutations in these genes have been identified, some of which have been determined to be harmful, while others have no proven impact. Harmful mutations in these genes may produce a hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome in affected persons. Only 5–10% of breast cancer cases in women are attributed to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations (with BRCA1 mutations being slightly more common than BRCA2 mutations), but the impact on women with the gene mutation is more profound.
Mosaïque (génétique)vignette|Le Croton, exemple de mosaïcisme chromosomique qui s'exprime au niveau de la variégation de la couleur de ses feuilles. La mosaïque, appelée aussi le mosaïcisme, correspond à la coexistence, chez un même individu, de deux ou plusieurs populations cellulaires de génotypes différents (caryotypes différents dans le cas du mosaïcisme chromosomique), toutes dérivées d'un même œuf fécondé. Dans le cas de maladie génétique, un individu peut avoir à la fois des cellules saines et des cellules présentant une anomalie génétique.
MutantIn biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It is a characteristic that would not be observed naturally in a specimen. The term mutant is also applied to a virus with an alteration in its nucleotide sequence whose genome is in the nuclear genome. The natural occurrence of genetic mutations is integral to the process of evolution.
