Essai de compressionUn essai de compression mesure la résistance à la compression d'un matériau sur une machine d'essais mécaniques suivant un protocole normalisé. Les essais de compression se font souvent sur le même appareil que l'essai de traction mais en appliquant la charge en compression au lieu de l'appliquer en traction. Pendant l'essai de compression, l'échantillon se raccourcit et s'élargit. La déformation relative est « négative » en ce sens que la longueur de l'échantillon diminue.
Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoirUnconventional (oil & gas) reservoirs, or unconventional resources (resource plays) are accumulations where oil & gas phases are tightly bound to the rock fabric by strong capillary forces, requiring specialised measures for evaluation and extraction. Petroleum reservoir Oil and gas are generated naturally at depths of around 4 or 5 kms below Earth’s surface. Being lighter than the water, which saturates rocks below the water table, the oil and gas percolate up through aquifer pathways towards Earth's surface (through time) by buoyancy.
Industrie pétrolièrevignette|Pompe d'un puits pétrolier présentée sur un campus universitaire du Natal (Brésil). L'industrie pétrolière traite de la chaîne industrielle du pétrole et du gaz de pétrole, du gisement jusqu'au consommateur. Histoire du pétrole Pour avoir du pétrole, il faut d'abord prospecter, c’est-à-dire rechercher les endroits où la nature du sous-sol permet de « piéger » l'or noir.
Géophysique appliquéevignette|Les géophysiciens doivent souvent installer de l'équipement électronique robuste sur le terrain. Ici, un numériseur de données sismiques et un disque dur reliés par un câblage SCSI de terrain. La , aussi appelée , est la branche de la géophysique qui utilise des appareils électroniques pour mesurer les propriétés physiques du sous-sol terrestre, telles que la densité, la résistivité électrique ou la perméabilité magnétique.
Flow process chartThe flow process chart is a graphical and symbolic representation of the activities performed on the work piece during the operation in industrial engineering. The first structured method for documenting process flow, e.g., in flow shop scheduling, the flow process chart, was introduced by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth to members of ASME in 1921 as the presentation "Process Charts, First Steps in Finding the One Best Way to Do Work". The Gilbreths' tools quickly found their way into industrial engineering curricula.
Petroleum geologyPetroleum geology is the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that are applied to the search for hydrocarbons (oil exploration). Petroleum geology is principally concerned with the evaluation of seven key elements in sedimentary basins: Source Reservoir Seal Trap Timing Maturation Migration In general, all these elements must be assessed via a limited 'window' into the subsurface world, provided by one (or possibly more) exploration wells.
Heavy crude oilHeavy crude oil (or extra heavy crude oil) is highly viscous oil that cannot easily flow from production wells under normal reservoir conditions. It is referred to as "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°. Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as higher molecular weight hydrocarbon composition.
Hypothèse du continuEn théorie des ensembles, l'hypothèse du continu (HC), due à Georg Cantor, affirme qu'il n'existe aucun ensemble dont le cardinal est strictement compris entre le cardinal de l'ensemble des entiers naturels et celui de l'ensemble des nombres réels. En d'autres termes : tout ensemble strictement plus grand, au sens de la cardinalité, que l'ensemble des entiers naturels doit contenir une « copie » de l'ensemble des nombres réels.
Environmental impact of the petroleum industryThe environmental impact of the petroleum industry is extensive and expansive due to petroleum having many uses. Crude oil and natural gas are primary energy and raw material sources that enable numerous aspects of modern daily life and the world economy. Their supply has grown quickly over the last 150 years to meet the demands of the rapidly increasing human population, creativity, knowledge, and consumerism. Substantial quantities of toxic and non-toxic waste are generated during the extraction, refinement, and transportation stages of oil and gas.
National Trust for Historic PreservationThe National Trust for Historic Preservation is a privately funded, nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., that works in the field of historic preservation in the United States. The member-supported organization was founded in 1949 by congressional charter to support the preservation of America’s diverse historic buildings, neighborhoods, and heritage through its programs, resources, and advocacy.
