Psychology of reasoningThe psychology of reasoning (also known as the cognitive science of reasoning) is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process of drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions. It overlaps with psychology, philosophy, linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, logic, and probability theory. Psychological experiments on how humans and other animals reason have been carried out for over 100 years. An enduring question is whether or not people have the capacity to be rational.
Connaissance de soiLa connaissance de soi est le savoir qu'une personne acquiert sur elle-même, en termes psychologiques ou spirituels, au cours de sa vie à l'occasion de ses expériences. La connaissance de soi-même est un ordre particulier de connaissance dans la mesure où, à son foyer même, le sujet connaissant et l'objet à connaître sont confondus, il est « juge et partie ». Cette difficulté centrale rend impérative une recherche exigeante de l'objectivité si cette connaissance doit être de quelque conséquence.
Commonsense reasoningIn artificial intelligence (AI), commonsense reasoning is a human-like ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations humans encounter every day. These assumptions include judgments about the nature of physical objects, taxonomic properties, and peoples' intentions. A device that exhibits commonsense reasoning might be capable of drawing conclusions that are similar to humans' folk psychology (humans' innate ability to reason about people's behavior and intentions) and naive physics (humans' natural understanding of the physical world).
Night visionNight vision is the ability to see in low-light conditions, either naturally with scotopic vision or through a night-vision device. Night vision requires both sufficient spectral range and sufficient intensity range. Humans have poor night vision compared to many animals such as cats, foxes and rabbits, in part because the human eye lacks a tapetum lucidum, tissue behind the retina that reflects light back through the retina thus increasing the light available to the photoreceptors.
Multistable perceptionMultistable perception (or bistable perception) is a perceptual phenomenon in which an observer experiences an unpredictable sequence of spontaneous subjective changes. While usually associated with visual perception (a form of optical illusion), multistable perception can also be experienced with auditory and olfactory percepts. Perceptual multistability can be evoked by visual patterns that are too ambiguous for the human visual system to definitively and uniquely interpret.
Vision scienceVision science is the scientific study of visual perception. Researchers in vision science can be called vision scientists, especially if their research spans some of the science's many disciplines. Vision science encompasses all studies of vision, such as how human and non-human organisms process visual information, how conscious visual perception works in humans, how to exploit visual perception for effective communication, and how artificial systems can do the same tasks.
Variable d'environnementEn informatique, les variables d’environnement sont des variables dynamiques utilisées par les différents processus d’un système d’exploitation (Windows, Unix...). Elles servent à communiquer des informations entre les programmes qui ne se trouvent pas sur la même ligne hiérarchique, et qui ont donc besoin d'une convention pour se communiquer mutuellement leurs choix. On parle aussi de variables d'environnement CGI pour un serveur HTTP. La commande SET sans aucun paramètre permet de lister la plupart des variables d’environnement.
PATH (variable)PATH is an environment variable on Unix-like operating systems, DOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows, specifying a set of where executable programs are located. In general, each executing process or user session has its own PATH setting. Multics originated the idea of a search path. The early Unix shell only looked for program names in /bin, but by Version 3 Unix the directory was too large and /usr/bin, and a search path, became part of the operating system.
