Instance (programmation)En programmation orientée objet, on appelle instance d'une classe, un objet avec un comportement et un état, tous deux définis par la classe. Il s'agit donc d'un objet constituant un exemplaire de la classe. Dans ce contexte, instance est un anglicisme, qui signifie « cas », « exemple ». L'instanciation est l'action d'instancier, de créer un objet à partir d'un modèle. Elle est réalisée par la composition de deux opérations : l'allocation et l'initialisation. L'allocation consiste à réserver un espace mémoire au nouvel objet.
Late bindingIn computing, late binding or dynamic linkage—though not an identical process to dynamically linking imported code libraries—is a computer programming mechanism in which the method being called upon an object, or the function being called with arguments, is looked up by name at runtime. In other words, a name is associated with a particular operation or object at runtime, rather than during compilation. The name dynamic binding is sometimes used, but is more commonly used to refer to dynamic scope.
Object-based languageThe term object-based language may be used in a technical sense to describe any programming language that uses the idea of encapsulating state and operations inside objects. Object-based languages need not support inheritance or subtyping, but those that do are also termed object-oriented. Object-based languages that do not support inheritance or subtyping are usually not considered to be true object-oriented languages.
Identity (object-oriented programming)In object-oriented programming, object-oriented design and object-oriented analysis, the identity of an object is its being distinct from any other object, regardless of the values of the objects' properties. Having identity is a fundamental property of objects. This is closely related to the philosophical concept of identity. A reference can be used to refer to an object with a specific identity. A reference contains the information that is necessary for the identity property to be realized in the programming language, and allows access to the object with the identity.
Object lifetimeIn object-oriented programming (OOP), the object lifetime (or life cycle) of an object is the time between an object's creation and its destruction. Rules for object lifetime vary significantly between languages, in some cases between implementations of a given language, and lifetime of a particular object may vary from one run of the program to another. In some cases, object lifetime coincides with variable lifetime of a variable with that object as value (both for static variables and automatic variables), but in general, object lifetime is not tied to the lifetime of any one variable.
Type classIn computer science, a type class is a type system construct that supports ad hoc polymorphism. This is achieved by adding constraints to type variables in parametrically polymorphic types. Such a constraint typically involves a type class T and a type variable a, and means that a can only be instantiated to a type whose members support the overloaded operations associated with T.
Composition (programmation)En programmation informatique, la composition est une technique qui permet de combiner plusieurs éléments de programmation entre eux pour obtenir un élément ayant une fonctionnalité plus complexe. On distingue la composition de fonctions, la composition d'objets, et la composition dans les modèles. La composition de fonctions consiste à définir une nouvelle fonction en combinant plusieurs fonctions entre elles. Ce procédé s'inspire directement de la composition de fonctions en mathématiques, où le résultat d'une fonction est utilisé comme paramètre d'une autre.
Object-modeling languageAn object-modeling language is a standardized set of symbols used to model a software system using an object-oriented framework. The symbols can be either informal or formal ranging from predefined graphical templates to formal object models defined by grammars and specifications. A modeling language is usually associated with a methodology for object-oriented development. The modeling language defines the elements of the model. E.g., that a model has classes, methods, object properties, etc.
Name bindingIn programming languages, name binding is the association of entities (data and/or code) with identifiers. An identifier bound to an object is said to reference that object. Machine languages have no built-in notion of identifiers, but name-object bindings as a service and notation for the programmer is implemented by programming languages. Binding is intimately connected with scoping, as scope determines which names bind to which objects – at which locations in the program code (lexically) and in which one of the possible execution paths (temporally).
Object modeling techniqueOMT (en anglais « object modeling technique », c'est-à-dire « technique de modélisation objet ») est une technique de modélisation destinée à la conception et la modélisation pour la programmation orientée objet. Elle a été conçue en 1991 par James Rumbaugh, Michael Blaha, William Lorensen, Frederick Eddy et William Premerlani. Cette technique de représentation graphique fusionnera avec celle de la méthode Booch de Grady Booch, ainsi que celle de OOSE d'Ivar Jacobson pour donner naissance à UML en .
