Electron-beam technologySince the mid-20th century, electron-beam technology has provided the basis for a variety of novel and specialized applications in semiconductor manufacturing, microelectromechanical systems, nanoelectromechanical systems, and microscopy. Free electrons in a vacuum can be manipulated by electric and magnetic fields to form a fine beam. Where the beam collides with solid-state matter, electrons are converted into heat or kinetic energy. This concentration of energy in a small volume of matter can be precisely controlled electronically, which brings many advantages.
NanotechnologieLes nanosciences et nanotechnologies (d’après le grec , « nain »), ou NST, peuvent être définies au minimum comme l’ensemble des études et des procédés de fabrication et de manipulation de structures (physiques, chimiques ou biologiques), de dispositifs et de systèmes matériels à l’échelle du nanomètre (nm), qui est l'unité la plus proche de la distance entre deux atomes. Les NST présentent plusieurs acceptions liées à la nature transversale de cette jeune discipline.
Manufacturing engineeringManufacturing engineering or production engineering is a branch of professional engineering that shares many common concepts and ideas with other fields of engineering such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, and industrial engineering. Manufacturing engineering requires the ability to plan the practices of manufacturing; to research and to develop tools, processes, machines and equipment; and to integrate the facilities and systems for producing quality products with the optimum expenditure of capital.
NanotechnologieLes nanosciences et nanotechnologies (d’après le grec , « nain »), ou NST, peuvent être définies au minimum comme l’ensemble des études et des procédés de fabrication et de manipulation de structures (physiques, chimiques ou biologiques), de dispositifs et de systèmes matériels à l’échelle du nanomètre (nm), qui est l'unité la plus proche de la distance entre deux atomes. Les NST présentent plusieurs acceptions liées à la nature transversale de cette jeune discipline.
Industrial and production engineeringIndustrial and production engineering (IPE) is an interdisciplinary engineering discipline that includes manufacturing technology, engineering sciences, management science, and optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations. It is concerned with the understanding and application of engineering procedures in manufacturing processes and production methods. Industrial engineering dates back all the way to the industrial revolution, initiated in 1700s by Sir Adam Smith, Henry Ford, Eli Whitney, Frank Gilbreth and Lilian Gilbreth, Henry Gantt, F.
