Mastery Learning: Classical Conditioning

This lecture covers the principles of mastery learning, focusing on classical conditioning as demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. It explains the process of conditioning, from the unconditioned stimulus to the conditioned response, with examples and applications. The lecture also delves into the Law of Effect by Edward Thorndike, emphasizing the importance of immediate feedback in learning. It explores behaviorism concepts, such as operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner, and the use of intelligent tutoring systems for personalized instruction. The lecture concludes with the implementation of mastery learning through prerequisite tests, remediation, and adaptive testing, ensuring a deeper understanding of the material.

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Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning (also respondent conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning) is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent physiological stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g. the sound of a musical triangle). The term classical conditioning refers to the process of an automatic, conditioned response that is paired with a specific stimulus. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning with detailed experiments with dogs, and published the experimental results in 1897.

Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process where behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli with reinforcement or punishment. In it, operants—behaviors that affect one's environment—are conditioned to occur or not occur depending on the environmental consequences of the behavior. Operant conditioning originated in the work of Edward Thorndike, whose law of effect theorised that behaviors arise as a result of whether their consequences are satisfying or discomforting.

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With the application of probability sampling in the 1930s, surveys became a standard tool for empirical research in social sciences, marketing, and official statistics. The methods involved in survey data collection are any of a number of ways in which data can be collected for a statistical survey. These are methods that are used to collect information from a sample of individuals in a systematic way. First there was the change from traditional paper-and-pencil interviewing (PAPI) to computer-assisted interviewing (CAI).

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