Undetermined States in D-Flip-Flops

This lecture covers the importance of avoiding undetermined states in modern microelectronic systems, focusing on D-flip-flops. It explains the necessity of predictable states for all nodes, emphasizing the need for a reset process after electrical startup. The lecture delves into the control of initial states in D-flip-flops using preset and clear inputs, asynchronous signals for initialization. It also explores the concept of multiplexers, detailing the functionality of 1-bit and multi-bit multiplexers, along with their circuit implementations. The discussion extends to the practical aspects of commercial multiplexers, expanding multiplexers, and the operation of tri-state gates. Additionally, it covers topics like decoders, binary decoders, and complex binary decoders, including cascading configurations. The lecture concludes with specific decoders, such as the seven-segment decoder for BCD input codes.