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This lecture delves into the concept of proximity-specific ribosome profiling, exploring how to decode translational dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution. It covers the interrogation of local translatome, the process of translation in prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, and the architecture of a mammalian cell. The lecture also discusses the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a hub for protein synthesis, the analysis of translation using polysome/ribosome profiling, and the emerging role of ER in protein synthesis. Advanced concepts such as polysome fractionation, ribosome profiling, and time-gated experiments are also addressed.