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Concept
Shahada
Summary
The Shahada (Arabic: ٱلشَّهَادَةُ DIN aʃ.ʃa.haː.da, "the testimony"), also transliterated as Shahadah, is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the Adhan. It reads: "I bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God."
The Shahada declares belief in the oneness (tawhid) of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's messenger. Some Shias also include a statement of belief in the wilayat of Ali. A single honest recitation of the Shahada is all that is required for a person to become a Muslim according to most traditional schools.
The declaration reads:
DIN
laː ʔi.laː.ha ʔil.laː‿ɫ.ɫaː.hu
"I testify There is no deity but God."
DIN
ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan.na mu.ħam.ma.dan ra.suː.lu‿ɫ.ɫah
"I testify Muhammad is the Messenger of God."
In Shia Islam:
DIN
ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan.na ʕalijːan walijːu‿ɫ.ɫah
"I testify Ali is the Wali (vicegerent) of God."
The above statements are commonly prefaced by the full form:
DIN
ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan laː ʔi.laː.ha ʔil.laː‿ɫ.ɫaː.hu wa.ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan.na mu.ħam.ma.dan ra.suː.lu‿ɫ.ɫah
In Shia Islam:
DIN
ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan laː ʔi.laː.ha ʔil.la‿ɫ.ɫaː.hu wa.ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan.na mu.ħam.ma.dan ra.suː.lu‿ɫ.ɫah wa.ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan.na ʕalijːan walijːu‿ɫ.ɫah
"I testify that there is no deity but God, and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God, and I testify that Ali is the wali (vicegerent) of God."
In the English translation – "There is no deity but God. Muhammad is the Messenger of God." – the first, lower-case occurrence of "god" or "deity" is a translation of the Arabic word ilah, while the capitalized second and third occurrences of "God" are translations of the Arabic word Allah, meaning "the God".
The noun šahādah (شَهَادَة), from the verb šahida (ʃa.hi.da شَهِدَ), from the root š-h-d (ش-ه-د) meaning "to observe, witness, testify", translates as "testimony" in both the everyday and the legal senses. The Islamic creed is also called, in the dual form, šahādatān (شَهَادَتَان, literally "two testimonies").
Official source
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