In organic chemistry, crown ethers are cyclic chemical compounds that consist of a ring containing several ether groups (). The most common crown ethers are cyclic oligomers of ethylene oxide, the repeating unit being ethyleneoxy, i.e., . Important members of this series are the tetramer (n = 4), the pentamer (n = 5), and the hexamer (n = 6). The term "crown" refers to the resemblance between the structure of a crown ether bound to a cation, and a crown sitting on a person's head. The first number in a crown ether's name refers to the number of atoms in the cycle, and the second number refers to the number of those atoms that are oxygen. Crown ethers are much broader than the oligomers of ethylene oxide; an important group are derived from catechol.Crown ethers strongly bind certain cations, forming complexes. The oxygen atoms are well situated to coordinate with a cation located at the interior of the ring, whereas the exterior of the ring is hydr
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L'objectif de ce cours est de fournir les connaissances et le moyen de comprendre, au niveau moléculaire, le fonctionnement des réactions chimiques organiques. Pendant le cours, l'étudiant réfléchira et résoudra de nouveaux problèmes.
Acquisition des notions fondamentales liées à la réactivité des molécules organiques, identification de la structure de petites molécules organiques au moyen des techniques de spectrométrie de masse, spectroscopie infra-rouge et résonance magnétique nucléaire.
A process for increasing the fastness to light, the fluorescence polarisation and fluorescence quantum yield of cyanine dyes, which process comprises stabilising cyanine dyes with the aid of micellar structures of a) surfactants and/or b) surfactant crown ether complexes of monovalent of divalent transition metal cations, or c) mixtures of surfactants, in each case in combination with non-surfactant, nitrogen-containing or nitrogen- and oxygen-containing 16- to 18-membered crown ether complexes of monovalent or divalent transition metal cations.
(Ciba-Geigy A.-G., Switz.).1980
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