Periodontal disease | EPFL Graph Search

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Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide. In its more serious form, called periodontitis, the gums can pull away from the tooth, bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or fall out. Bad breath may also occur. Periodontal disease is generally due to bacteria in the mouth infecting the tissue around the teeth. Factors that increase the risk of disease include smoking, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, family history, and certain medications. Diagnosis is by inspecting the gum tissue around the teeth both visually and with a probe and X-rays looking for bone loss around the teeth. Treatment involves good oral hygiene and regular professional teeth cleaning. Recommended oral hygiene include daily brushing and flossing. In certain cases antibiotics or dental surgery may be recommended. Clinical investigations demonstrate that quitting smoking and making dietary changes enhance periodontal health. Globally 538 million people were estimated to be affected in 2015 and has been known to affect 10–15% of the population generally. In the United States nearly half of those over the age of 30 are affected to some degree, and about 70% of those over 65 have the condition. Males are affected more often than females. In the early stages, periodontitis has very few symptoms, and in many individuals the disease has progressed significantly before they seek treatment. Symptoms may include: Redness or bleeding of gums while brushing teeth, using dental floss or biting into hard food (e.g.

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Protein-binding microarrays: probing disease markers at the interface of proteomics and genomics

Jan Kerschgens, Tanja Egener-Kuhn, Nicolas Mermod

DNA-binding proteins mediate a variety of crucial molecular functions, such as transcriptional regulation and chromosome maintenance, replication and repair, which in turn control cell division and differentiation. The roles of these proteins in disease are currently being investigated using microarray-based approaches. However, these assays can be difficult to adapt to routine diagnosis of complex diseases such as cancer. Here, we review promising alternative approaches involving protein-binding microarrays (PBMs) that probe the interaction of proteins from crude cell or tissue extracts with large collections of synthetic or natural DNA sequences. Recent studies have demonstrated the use of these novel PBM approaches to provide rapid and unbiased characterization of DNA-binding proteins as molecular markers of disease, for example cancer progression or infectious diseases.

2009

Periodontal disease

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that causes inflammation of the gums. The most common form of gingivitis, and the most common form of periodontal disease overall, is in response to bacterial biofilms (also called plaque) that is attached to tooth surfaces, termed plaque-induced gingivitis. Most forms of gingivitis are plaque-induced. While some cases of gingivitis never progress to periodontitis, periodontitis is always preceded by gingivitis.

Tooth decay

Tooth decay, also known as cavities or caries, is the breakdown of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria. The cavities may be a number of different colors from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating. Complications may include inflammation of the tissue around the tooth, tooth loss and infection or abscess formation. The cause of cavities is acid from bacteria dissolving the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin and cementum).

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