Phillips curve

The Phillips curve is an economic model, named after William Phillips, that predicts a correlation between reduction in unemployment and increased rates of wage rises within an economy. While Phillips himself did not state a linked relationship between employment and inflation, this was a trivial deduction from his statistical findings. Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow made the connection explicit and subsequently Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps put the theoretical structure in place. While there is a short-run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation, it has not been observed in the long run. In 1967 and 1968, Friedman and Phelps asserted that the Phillips curve was only applicable in the short run and that, in the long run, inflationary policies would not decrease unemployment. Friedman then correctly predicted that in the 1973–75 recession, both inflation and unemployment would increase.

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Job turnover, expectations, and the Phillips Curve

Charles Cosme Henri Dennery

Job turnover makes a wage Phillips Curve less forward-looking, with a smaller coefficient for inflation expectations. Workers discount future wage income with a low discount factor if there is a strong flow of job turnover; this implies that future inflation is discounted more heavily with job turnover. The Phillips Curve flattens both in the short and long run, due to the correlation between output and inflation expectations. The paper then derives the optimal monetary policy: in particular, the price targeting result of the Ramsey policy is violated when there is turnover.

2019

Dampened expectations in the Phillips Curve: A note

Charles Cosme Henri Dennery

Dampened inflation expectations have a significant impact on the New Keynesian Phillips Curve. This dampening not only flattens the long run Phillips Curve, but it can also lead to a bias in the estimation of its short run slope. It also affects the response of a small NK model to demand shocks, and affects the optimal monetary policy: in particular, the price targeting result of the Ramsey policy is violated when there is dampening.

2019

Monopsony with nominal rigidities: An inverted Phillips Curve

Charles Cosme Henri Dennery

With nominal wage rigidities, it is crucial to distinguish whether wages are set by workers or firms — whether we have monopoly or monopsony power. This paper provides a model of monopsony power in the labour market and a monopsonistic Phillips Curve. If wages are set by firms who face nominal rigidities, and there is inflation, firms cannot adjust their wages fully. The real wage falls, and labour supply hence output decreases. This provides a Phillips Curve where the output gap is negatively correlated with wage inflation. In such a world monetary policy affects the intertemporal labour supply, while the Phillips Curve is a labour demand curve. Interest rate cuts reduce the labour supply instead of boosting demand: they are contractionary.

2020

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