Nominal power (photovoltaic)

Summary

Nominal power is the nameplate capacity of photovoltaic (PV) devices, such as solar cells, modules and systems. It is determined by measuring the electric current and voltage in a circuit, while varying the resistance under precisely defined conditions. The nominal power is important for designing an installation in order to correctly dimension its cabling and converters. The peak power is not the same as the power under actual radiation conditions. In practice, this will be approximately 15-20% lower due to the considerable heating of the solar cells. Moreover, in installations where electricity is converted to AC, such as solar power plants, the actual total electricity generation capacity is limited by the inverter, which is usually sized at a lower peak capacity than the solar system for economic reasons. Since the peak DC power is reached only for a few hours each year, using a smaller inverter allows to save money on the inverter while clipping (wasting) only a very small portio

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_power_(photovoltaic)

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The installation of solar panels on building roofs is increasing and considered as a potential solution to decarbonise the current energy system. However, how to make the best use of this energy is yet to be determined. In this project, two already developed optimization algorithms are compared to analyse the synergy between thermal storage and photovoltaic power production. The energy system includes photovoltaic panels, a heat pump and electric heaters. The conducted sensitivity study shows that the simulation of the thermal and electrical fluxes depends on whether self consumption or the minimization of the operational cost is favoured and thus impacts the usage of the produced power.

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Performance Evaluation of a Crystal-Enhanced Collimation System for the LHC

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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been constructed at CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, Geneva, Switzerland), and recently started up. The LHC beams, currently accelerated to 3.5 TeV, are meant to reach the nominal energy of 7 TeV, and a total stored energy, in nominal conditions, of 360 MJ per beam [1, 2]. The contrast between the huge stored power and the delicate cryogenic environment calls for a sophisticated collimation system [3]. For overcoming the limitations of the actual collimation system, different upgrade solutions have been considered [4, 5, 6]; this Ph.D. work gives a first performance evaluation of a crystal-enhanced collimation system by analytical, experimental and simulation investigations. In this work, two crystal collimation experiments are described: the T980 (Tevatron, Chicago, U.S.) and the UA9 (SPS, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland). The data are analyzed and actual crystal performances are measured. These experimental results and their cross-check with dedicated simulations constitute the foundations of a weighted, critical prediction for the LHC. Different scenarios for a possible LHC crystal-enhanced collimation system have been simulated. Here the results are described and optimal parameters for a possible crystal collimator are proposed.

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