Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation (or ionising radiation), including nuclear radiation, consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them. Some particles can travel up to 99% of the speed of light, and the electromagnetic waves are on the high-energy portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma rays, X-rays, and the higher energy ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum are ionizing radiation, whereas the lower energy ultraviolet, visible light, nearly all types of laser light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are non-ionizing radiation. The boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in the ultraviolet area can not be sharply defined, as different molecules and atoms ionize at different energies. The energy of ionizing radiation starts between 10 electronvolts (eV) and 33 eV. Typical ionizing subatomic particles include alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons. Th

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ME-464: Introduction to nuclear engineering

This course is intended to understand the engineering design of nuclear power plants using the basic principles of reactor physics, fluid flow and heat transfer. This course includes the following: Reactor designs, Thermal analysis of nuclear fuel, Nuclear safety and Reactor dynamics

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Ce cours est une introduction à la physique stellaire. On y expose les notions indispensables à la compréhension du fonctionnement d'une étoile et à la construction de modèles de structure interne et d'évolution stellaires. On donne aussi des clés d'interprétation des spectres stellaires.

A novel Lab-on-Fiber Radiation Dosimeter for Ultra-high Dose Monitoring

Georgi Gorine, Federico Ravotti

In this work, we report on the first demonstration of Lab on Fiber (LOF) dosimeter for ionizing radiation monitoring at ultra-high doses. The new dosimeter consists in a metallo-dielectric resonator at subwavelength scale supporting localized surface plasmon resonances realized on the optical fiber (OF) tip. The resonating structure involves two gold gratings separated by a templated dielectric layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Two LOF prototypes have been manufactured and exposed at the IRRAD Proton Facility at CERN in Geneva to 23 GeV protons for a total fluence of 0.67 x 10(16) protons/cm(2,) corresponding to an absorbed dose of 1.8 MGy. Experimental data demonstrated the "radiation resistance" feature of the LOF devices and a clear dependence of the reflected spectrum versus the total dose, expressed by a cumulative blue-shift of similar to 1.4 nm of the resonance combined with a slight increase of 0.16 dBm in the reflected spectrum. The numerical analysis carried out to correlate the experimental results with the dimensional and physical properties of the resonator, expected to be tightly connected to the absorbed dose, suggests that the main phenomenon induced by exposure to proton beam and able to explain the measured spectral behavior is the reduction of the PMMA thickness, which is also consistent with past literature in the field. Preliminary results demonstrated the potentiality of the proposed platform as dosimeter at MGy dose levels for high energy physics experiments.

NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP2018

Innovative Lab on Fiber dosimeters for ionizing radiation monitoring at ultra-high doses

Georgi Gorine, Federico Ravotti

We report on a innovative Lab on Fiber (LOF) dosimeter for ionizing radiation monitoring at ultra-high doses. The new dosimeter consists in a metallo-dielectric resonator at sub-wavelength scale supporting localized surface plasmon resonances realized on the optical fiber (OF) tip. The resonating structure involves two gold gratings separated by a templated dielectric layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Two LOF prototypes have been manufactured and exposed, at the IRRAD Proton Facility at CERN in Geneva, to 23 GeV protons for a total fluence of 0.67x10(16) protons/cm(2), corresponding to an absorbed dose of 1.8 MGy. Experimental data demonstrate the "radiation resistance" feature of the LOF devices and a clear dependence of the reflected spectrum on the total dose, expressed by a cumulative blue-shift of similar to 1.4 nm of the resonance combined with a slight increase of 0.16 dBm in the reflected spectrum. According to the numerical analysis and the literature, the main phenomenon induced by exposure to proton beam and able to explain the measured spectral behavior is the reduction of the PMMA thickness. Preliminary results demonstrated the potentiality of the proposed platform as dosimeter at MGy dose levels for High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments.

SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING2019

Electron Emission Regimes of Planar Nano Vacuum Emitters

Alberto Nardi, Marco Turchetti, Yujia Yang

Recent advancements in nanofabrication have enabled the creation of vacuum electronic devices with nanoscale free-space gaps. These nanoelectronic devices promise the benefits of cold-field emission and transport through free space, such as high nonlinearity and relative insensitivity to temperature and ionizing radiation, all while drastically reducing the footprint, increasing the operating bandwidth, and reducing the power consumption of each device. Furthermore, planarized vacuum nanoelectronics could easily be integrated at scale similar to typical microscale and nanoscale semiconductor electronics. However, the interplay between different electron emission mechanisms from these devices is not well understood, and inconsistencies with pure Fowler-Nordheim (FN) emission have been noted by others. In this work, we systematically study the current-voltage characteristics of planar vacuum nanodevices having few-nanometer radii of curvature and free-space gaps between the emitter and the collector. By investigating the current-voltage characteristics of nearly identical devices fabricated from two different materials and under various environmental conditions, such as temperature and atmospheric pressure, we are able to clearly isolate three distinct emission regimes within a single device: Schottky, FN, and saturation. Our work will enable robust and accurate modeling of vacuum nanoelectronics, which will be critical for future applications requiring high-speed and low-power electronics capable of operation in extreme conditions.

IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC2022

Sievert

The sievert (symbol: Sv) is a unit in the International System of Units (SI) intended to represent the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, which is defined as the probability of causing rad

X-ray

X-ray radiation, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 nanometers to 10 picom

Acute radiation syndrome

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, is a collection of health effects that are caused by being exposed to high amounts of ionizing radiation in a